Aging and Elderly

Aging and Elderly

1. A set of processes that contribute to health deterioration and death with time

2. What causes aging?

   • Programmed Theory
     • Biological timetable
       • Programmed longevity
         • Switching on and off certain genes
       • Endocrine
         • Hormones decline
       • Immunological
         • Immune system declines
           • Slow immune system
   • Error theory
     • Free radical
       • radicals damage DNA, lipid, and protein
     • Mitochondrial Decline
       • Oxidative phosphorylation is more prone in mitochondria
     • Somatic mutation
       • Random mutations
     • Wear and tear
       • Tissues wear out
     • Rate-of Living
       • More oxygen, shorter life span
     • Cross linking
       • impaired protein

3. Physiological changes

   • Skin
     • Loss of elasticity
     • Thin epidermis
     • atrophy of sebaceous and sweat glands
       • leads to dry skin and hair
       • Less sweat
         • Thermoregulation problems
           • like Hypothermia and heat stroke
     • Fragile dermal blood vessels
       • More bruises
       • Thermoregulation problems
     • Less pigmentation
       • Pale skin and gray hair
     • less subcutaneous tissue
       • Problems in thermoregulation
     • Dull,yellow, and brittle nails
   • Musculoskeletal
     • Muscle mass loss
     • stiff ligaments and tendons
     • shorter trunk
     • Less intervertebral fluid
     • osteoarthritis
     • osteoporosis
     • muscle strength loss
       • less myofibrils
   • Nervous system
     • Atrophy of
       • brain
         • small brain
         • slow memory
         • affects thinking
       • nerves
         • affect senses
           • presbycusis
           • presbyopia
   • Endocrine
     • Less gonadal function
     • less thyroid function
     • Impaired glucose tolerance
     • Less aldosterone
       • affects cardiovascular system
     • less cortisol
       • Affects immunity
   • Cardiovascular
     • Thickening of valves
     • Less elastic arteries
       • High blood pressure
         • Myocardial infarction
       • Atherosclerosis
       • arterosclerosis
   • Repsiratory
     • Less lung elasticity
     • Less alveolar surface area
     • Less gas exchange efficiency
   • Digestive
     • Less saliva
       • less flavour
     • Teeth are more prone to caries
     • Difficult swallowing
     • Gastric mucosa atrophies
       • conspitation
     • Less acid and intrinsic factor
     • Heartburn
     • Innervation
       • Satiety and hunger are affected
   • Urinary
     • Low GFR
     • Less efficient kidneys
       • More urine residual
         • incontiniecce
         • infections
         • obstruction
     • less bladder capacity
   • Immune
     • Slow immune system
       • resulting in fewer immune cells
         • cancer
         • cellular defects
         • autoimmune
         • flu and pneumonia
   • Female and male reproductive
     • Female
       • Menopause
       • Lose fat, tissue, and mammary glands
     • Male
       • Less testerone
       • prostate enlargement
       • decline in rate of sperm production
       • Impotence

4. Challenges

   • Financial challenges
     • Not enough money
       • Medications
       • Hospital
       • Rent a house or a car
       • Electricity
     • Too much money
       • abuse
       • Fraud
   • Psychological Challenges
     • Stress
     • Depression
     • Anxiety
     • Insomina
     • Suicide
     • Loneliness
   • Health Problems
     • Obesity
       • Excess body fat
         • BMI >30
           • Assessment
             • Anthropometric
             • Densitometry
             • Imaging
             • Bioimpedance
             • Skin fold thickness
         • Follow nutritious healthy lifestyle
           • Metabolism in the fed and fasting state
     • Dementia
       • Alzheimer
     • Arthritis
     • Osteoporosis
     • Parkinson disease
     • Stroke
     • Cancer
       • Breast
       • Colon
       • lung
       • prostrate
     • Cardiovascular diseases
       • High blood pressure
         • Myocardial Infacrtion
       • High cholesterol
         • Myocardial Infarction
       • Atherosclerosis
         • Ischemia

5. ischemia

   • Necrosis
     • Myocardial Infarction
       • Repair
         • Inflammation
           • Regeneration

6. Drugs and elderly

   • Polypharamcy
     • Adverse Drug Reaction
       • Prevent through taking history
       • Review medications
       • new signs=new drugs
     • compliance
       • follow doctor's orders and tips

7. Role of elderly vs role of community

   • Elderly
     • Active aging
       • Obrasocial in Italy
   • Community
     • Communicating
       • Volunteering
     • visiting them
     • Helping them out
       • Through volunteering

8. Preventing aging

   • Smoking cessation
   • Vitamins and healthy diet
   • physical activity
   • hormone replacement
   • hats, sunglasses,and sunscreen
   • DHEA

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