The Ozone Story

The Ozone Story

1. Bonding and Structure

   • Electronegativity
     • Trends across the periodic table
     • Predicting bond polarity in a covalent bond using relative electronegativity
     • Overall polarity of a molecule in relation to its shape and polarity of individual bonds
   • Intermolecular bonds
     • Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole
       • Branching
       • Chain length in organic molecules
       • Mr
     • Permanent dipole-permanent dipole
     • Experiments to illustrate the formation of intermolecular bonds
     • Hydrogen bonds
       • In water
       • In ice
       • Formation
     • Relative boiling points of substances in terms of intermolecular bonds
       • Explanation of boiling points of halogens

2. Kinetics

   • Activation enthalpy
     • Enthalpy profiles
   • Collision theory
     • Concentration
     • Rate of reaction
     • Pressure
   • Catalysts
     • Alternative route
     • Homogeneous catalysis
       • Formation of intermediates

3. Calculating ppm from a percentage

   • To find ppm from percentage, multiply by 10,000
   • To find percentage from ppm, divide by 10,000

4. Haloalkanes

   • Nomenclature
   • Properties
     • flouro-
     • chloro-
     • Bromo-
     • Iodo-
     • Boiling point affected by intermolecular bonds
   • Nucleophilic substitution
     • With OH- to form alcohols
     • With ammonia to form amines

5. Reaction mechanisms

   • Substitution
   • Nucleophile
   • Nucleophilic substitution
     • Curly arrows
   • Relative reactivity of haloalkanes affects bond enthalpy
     • Experiments
   • Bond fission
     • Homolytic
     • Heterolytic
   • Radicals
     • Chain reaction
       • Initaition
       • Propogation
       • Termination
     • Half curly arrows
     • Mechanism for reaction of alkanes with halogens
   • Depletion of ozone in the stratosphere
     • Haloalkanes
       • Catalytic role
     • Ease of photodissociation
       • Affected by bond enthalpy

6. Sustainability

   • Formation of ozone
   • Destruction of ozone
   • Effects of ozone
     • Absorbs high energy UV radiation in the stratosphere
       • Effects of UV
     • Polluting in the troposphere
       • Photochemical smog

7. Energy and Matter

   • Infrared, visible, ultraviolet radiation
   • UV and visible radiation promote electrons to higher energy levels
     • Sometimes causes bond breaking
   • Calculating frequency, wavelength, and energy of electromagnetic radiation
     • Planck's constant
     • speed of light c = wavelength λ x frequency v
   • Light can be a wave or particle