NATURE

Description

Developmental Mind Map on NATURE, created by sterling-l on 06/05/2013.
sterling-l
Mind Map by sterling-l, updated more than 1 year ago
sterling-l
Created by sterling-l almost 11 years ago
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Resource summary

NATURE
  1. NURTURE
    1. Environmental shaping of behaviour

      Annotations:

      • "There is no such thing as an inheritance of capacity, talent, temperament and behavioural characteristics." Watson 1925
      1. INTERACTION

        Annotations:

        • Contemporary researchers nw believe attributes such as intelligence, temperament & personality are the result of an interaction between biological predisposition & environmental forces.
        • "Biology + environment are as inseparable as conjoined twins who share a common heart." Halpern 1997
        1. Timing of Experience
          1. Internal models of experience interacts with maturation

            Annotations:

            • eg: critical periods for attachment formation (Bowlby 1969).
          2. Behaviour Genetics influence on Social Systems
            1. Individual's genetic heritage may affect their environment & behaviour shown towards them.

              Annotations:

              • eg: born with high IQ = more stimulating environment
            2. Vulnerability & Resilience
              1. Same environment can have different outcomes on different children due to different inherited characteristics

                Annotations:

                • eg: some children in disadvantaged circumstances show no adverse effects.
                1. Some characteristics act as vulnerabilities + others protective factors

                  Annotations:

                  • eg; high IQ = protective factor Irritable = vulnerability
                2. Psychoanalytic theory

                  Annotations:

                  • Originated with Freud's Psychosexual Theory. Uncnscious motives usually repressed.
                  1. Inborn instincts
                    1. Parental child rearing practices
                    2. Infants perception is limited + both maturational processes + experience contribute to perceptual awareness

                      Annotations:

                      • Smith + Katz 1996
                  2. Internal Models of Experience
                    1. Create schemes to interpret events based on previous experiences
                      1. Universal process that is unique to each individual
                      2. Social Systems

                        Annotations:

                        • eg: Family, community, culture
                        1. how they interact to affect development.
                        2. Learning Theory

                          Annotations:

                          • Behaviourism Watson believes children are tabula rasa
                          • Skinner belives that development is a reflection of operant conditioning as children are passively shaped by reinforcers & punishments.
                          1. Children are molded by their environments

                            Annotations:

                            • Bandura Bobo Doll - modelling
                            1. Observational learning
                            2. Empiricist philosophers believed that infants = tabula rasa who learns to interpret sensations.
                            3. Inborn developmental plan

                              Annotations:

                              • eg; milestones, norms
                              • "Differences among people are due to differences in germ cells with which they were born." Wiggam 1923.
                              1. Maturation
                                1. Genetically programmed, sequential patterns of change

                                  Annotations:

                                  • eg: walking, talking
                                  1. Universal
                                    1. Immune to environment influence
                                    2. Developmental Constraints
                                      1. Response patterns that constrain possible developmental pathways

                                        Annotations:

                                        • eg: sucking, tracking objects
                                        1. Universal
                                          1. Inbuilt/pre-wired
                                          2. Behavioural Genetics
                                            1. Genetics contribute to inter-individual behavioural differences

                                              Annotations:

                                              • eg; intelligence, depression, sociability
                                              1. Universal
                                              2. Evolutionary Theory
                                                1. Born with biologically programmed behaviours that promote adaptive developments

                                                  Annotations:

                                                  • Evolved through natural selection. Certain adaptive characteristics have sensitive periods.
                                                  1. Appropriate environment is necessary for successful adaption
                                                  2. Nativist philosophers believed that basic perceptual abilities are innate.
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