B1 | Mind Map

Health
1. Food groups
  1. Proteins
    1. Used for growth, cell repair and cell replacment
  2. Carbohydrates
    1. These release energy
  3. Fats
    1. Maintain body temperature and releases energy
  4. Fibre
    1. Keeps the digestive system running smoothly
  5. Vitamins and mineral ions
    1. Small amount required to keep your body healthy
2. Metabolic rate
  1. The speed at which such chemical reactions take place in the body and varies because of several factors, including age, gender and inherited factors.
3. Disease
  1. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infection in the body
    1. Bacteria are living cells that reproduce rapidly when they are inside your body, damaging cells and releasing toxins
      1. Often treated by antibiotics
    2. Viruses are not cells and are smaller than bacteria. They replicate themselves by entering cells and using the cells to produce copies of themselves within the cell. This causes the cell to burst, releasing the viruses into the body. This cell damage makes you feel ill
      1. Not effected by antibiotics
    3. Pathogens are removed by the body using white blood cells
      1. They remove pathogens in three different ways: By consuming them and digesting them; by producing antibodies which specifically target dangerous antigens and kill them; antitoxins which counteracts the toxins produced by bacteria
  2. Diseases can be counteracted by vaccinations
    1. Vaccinations work by injecting the patitent with a small amount of the disease. This causes their white blood cells to develop antibodies to kill the antigens produced by the disease. This way if the person encounters the disease the white blood cells will recognise it and immedietly produce the antibodies required to counter it.
Nerves and hormones
1. The nervous system
  1. Sense organs are organs that detect stimulus (e.g eyes detect light, ears detect sound etc)
  2. The central nervous system is where the information from the sense organs is sent. It consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Neurones transmit the information from the receptors via electrical impulses to and from the centeral nervous system. The instructions are then sent to the effectors (muscles and glands) which respond accordingly
  3. Relay neurones are the nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurones to motor neurones
  4. Sensory neurones are the nerve cells that carry the electrical impluses from the receptors to the centeral nervous system
  5. Motor neurones are the nerve cells that carry signals from the central nervous system to the effector
  6. Effectors are Muscles and glands that respond to the electrical impulse. Muscles contact an glands release hormones
2. Synapses and reflexes
  1. Synapses connect neurones together. The impulse is transfered between neurones via chemechals that diffuse across the gap.
  2. Reflexes are reactions that happen very quickly to prevent harm to the body. They bypass the brain and use only the spine.
    1. The process is as follows: stimulus-->receptor-->sensory neurone-->relay neurone-->motor neurone-->effector-->response
3. Hormones
  1. Hormones are chemical messages which travel in the blood to activate target cells
  2. Nerves vs hormones
    1. Hormones are: slower in their reaction; act for a long time; act in a general way
    2. Nerves are: fast in their actions; act for a short period of time; act on a specific area
  3. Menstrual cycle
    1. Stage 1: The lining of the uterus breaks down for about four days, causes bleeding
      1. Stage 2: Thick layer of blood vessels builds up, ready to receive a fertilised egg, over the course of 10 days
        Stage 3: An egg is relalsed from the ovary
        Stage 4: The lining of the uterus is maintained for a further 14 days while it waits for a fertilized egg, if no egg is fertilised then the process is repeated
    2. Hormones involved
      1. FSH: produced in the pituitary gland and causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries. It also stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
      2. Oestrogen: produced in the ovaries, causes the pituitary gland to produce LH and stops the production of FSH
      3. LH: also produced by the pituitary gland, it stimulates the release of an egg
  4. Plant hormones
    1. Auxin is the plan growth hormone
      1. It controls the growth of the plant in response to light, gravity and moisture
        When the shoot tip is exposed to light more auxin grows on the shaded side of the shoot. This causes the cells on the shaded side o grow faster meaning the shoot bends towards the light
        When a shoot is growing sideways more auxin accumulates on the bottom causing the cells on the bottom to grow faster, elongate and bend upwards
        When roots grow sideways there is more auxin on the lower side. However in a roots auxin inhibits growth meaning the top of the roots grow faster causing them to bend down
        Roots grow towards moisture as more auxin is produced on the side with more moisture
The use and abuse of drugs
1. Drugs are substances that change chemical reactions in the body
2. A double blind trial is where neither the patients or the doctors know who has been given the drugs
  1. This is to minimise the placebo effect
Interdependence and adaptation
Food chains, biomass, energy and cycles
Genetic variation and its control
1. Energy in biomass
  1. Food chains
2. Carbon cycyles
Evolution

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	Created by Con83-11 almost 11 years ago