Meanings and Dimensions of Culture

Meanings and Dimensions of Culture

1. Definition of Culture

2. Model of Culture

   • Implicit, Basic Assumptions that guides people's behaviour
   • The norms and values that guide the society
   • The explicit artifacts and parts of society

3. Characteristics of Culture

   • Learned
     • Shared
       • Transgenerational
         • Symbolic
           • Patterned
             • Adaptive

4. How Culture affects Managerial Approaches

   • Centralised vs Decentralised
     • Safety vs Risk
       • Individual vs Group Rewards
         • Informal vs Formal Procedures
           • High vs Low Organization Loyalty
             • Cooperation v Competition
               • Short Term vs Long Term Horizon
                 • Stability vs Innovation

5. Values

6. Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

   • Power Distance
     • Uncertainity Avoidance
       • Individualism
         • Masculinity vs Feminism

7. Trompenaar's Cultural Dimensions

   • Universalism vs Particularism
     • Individualism vs Communitarianism
       • Neutral vs Emotional
         • Specific vs Diffuse
           • Achievement vs Ascription

8. Time

   • Sequential
     • Synchronous

9. Present vs Future

   • Past

10. The Environment

    • Inner Directed
      • Outerdirected