Data is represented in
computers in binary form as
binary code is made up from
ones and zeroes and the
computer system can only
understand ones and zeroes so
other programming languages
would be unreadable to the
computer without it being
changed into binary.
AND gate
In an AND gate, both A and B need to be input for an output to be recieved
OR gate
In an OR gate, only one input is needed to recieve output, but more than one makes no difference.
NOT gate
In a NOT gate, If there is
input no output is
recieved, and if there is
no input output is
recieved. (Check note attatched)
Annotations:
NOT Logic Gate truth table:
Input Output
0 1
1 0
Number
An 8-bit binary number such as
11001011 can be converted easily
into a positive denary whole number,
you can use a table to work out how
to convert Binary-Denary and
Denary-Binary. (Check note
attatched)
Annotations:
11001011 would become 203 using this table:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Even though they both seem to be the same, the left-most 1 is equal to 128 in denary and the right-most 1 is equal only to 1
Adding binary numbers. (See note attatched)
Annotations:
Let's try adding 0111 and 1110:
1 1
0111 (Start at right)
1110 (1+0=1)
10101 (1+1=2, which is 10) (Carry the one over)
The number ended up being 5 bits, if it had to be only 4 then the one being carried left would have caused an overflow which can be a problem.
In order to convert binary into hexadecimal you need to break it down into nibbles so
10001101 would be 1000 and 1101, in denary 1000 is 8 and 1101 is 13, using the
table above, we know 13 in hexadecimal is D and 141 would be 8D
It is much easier to work with binary through hexadecimal
Units
Bit - Unit of information (1 or 0)
Byte - A group of 8 Bits operated on as a unit
Nibble - 4 Bits (Half a Byte)
Kilobyte - 1024 Bytes
Megabyte - 1024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte - 1024 Megabytes
Terabyte - 1024 Gigabytes
Data such as programming code cannot be read by the
central processing unit of a computer so must be converted
into binary code so it can read the instructions.
Character
We use code to represent characters as it is much easier to understand
'John' than it is to understand 01001010 01001111 01001000 01001110
A character set is a list of characters recognized by the computer software
and hardware, each character being represented by a number
Each character in the ASCII character set is 7 bits and a total of
127 different characters are accesible, whereas Unicode
characters are 16 bit and over 110000 characters are available
Images
In an image, each pixel has a colour which can vary depending on
the binary number assigned to it and the amount of bits are in each
number as the more bits available, the more colours and greater
colour depth accessible.
The metadata of an image is very
important as it contains important
information about the image such as
resolution, dimensions and colour
depth, without these the picture will
not load.
An image with a high resolution or massive colour depth will have a much
larger file size meaning it will take up more room and will require more time
to load
Sound
Sound can be sampled and stored in digital
form using an analogue-to-digital converter,
the quality of this digital sound depends on
the sample rate as a high sample rate will
result in a clear sound but will take up more
memory.
Instructions
Every central processing unit is
made up of machine code
instructions which are patterns of
ones and zeroes, these are stored in
the computer's random access
memory.
The cpu uses opcode to determine which of the upcoming bytes from the data bus are data
Computer Systems
Software means the
programs, including both
the operating system and
any application software,
such as spreadsheet or
presentation software.
Do not say Word, PowerPoint or
Windows. Instead, say
word-processing software,
presentation software or operating
system.
Hardware means the
physical components such
as a keyboard, mouse,
monitor, hard disk, printer,
scanner, webcam or
anything else you can
touch.
Input devices are used to put data
into the computer. Keyboards, mice
and webcams are examples of input
devices.
Output devices allow data to be
sent beyond the computer,
usually to a human user.
Monitors, speakers and printers
are examples of output devices.
Storage devices are used to contain programs and data. USB
flash drives, DVD drives and internal hard disk drives are
examples of storage devices.
Computer systems do not all look like computers, some are embedded. An
embedded system is a computer integrated into another device, such as a mobile
phone, washing machine, petrol pump or television.
Professional Standards
Any computer system is the result of collaboration between large numbers of people, often working
completely independently in several countries. For this arrangement to work, professional standards are
essentially rules that everyone follows in developing computer systems, rather than everyone doing their own
thing. A very basic example of this is USB ports and cables; many manufacturers produce them separately,
but they all produce them to the same specifications, or they wouldnt fit.
Professional standards exist in software as well as hardware, and there are several in programming
The reason these standards are followed is that another programmer, possibly without ever meeting the
original programmer, might be expected to make changes to this program or write another program that
interacts with it.
Professional standards allow
programmers to do the following:
Modify someone else's program
Move to a different company without
needing to re-learn these standards
Work in teams on the same program at
the same time
Professional standards fall into four categories
Ethical, Environmental and Legal Considerations
Ethical
The word 'ethical' refers to something as being right or
wrong, although not everyone agrees about what is
right and what is wrong, even in something as specific
as computing. Consider the following: Would it be
ethical (right) for a government to store an electronic
profile of the DNA of its entire population, of criminals,
immigrants, etc.? Is it ethical to use cheap labour in
foreign countries to produce software less expensively,
or would it be more ethical to use local labour? What
are the ethical challenges of living in a world where not
everyone has access to computers, either for financial-,
political- or disability-related reasons?
Legal
There are four laws that computer users need to be aware of: Computer Misuse Act This makes hacking illegal. Hacking is
gaining access to computer material that you are not allowed to have access to, possibly by stealing a password. Data
Protection Act If you (or the company you work for) store the personal data of anyone, you are required to keep it secure and up to
date. Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act It is illegal to make a copy of any publication (including written works, music and
computer programs) without the permission of the copyright owner. Health and Safety at Work Act This law makes employees
responsible for the safety of their staff, as well as staff responsible for the safety of other staff. In terms of computers, the following
are considerations: Trailing cables that are a trip hazard Too much time spent at a computer which can cause eye strain from
looking at the screen or repetitive strain injury (RSI) from typing or using the mouse