Fracture in the Arm

Fracture in the Arm

1. Anatomy of the arm

   • Bone
     • bone formation by 2 ways: 1-endochonral 2-intermembranous
       • intermembranous
       • endochondral
     • types of bone cells
   • muscles
   • Nerves
   • arteries

2. fracture

   • types of fracture
   • NERVE:structure that could be damaged because of the fracture
     • types of nerve injury
       • NEURAPRAXIA: Chronic mechanical pressure
       • AXONOTMESIS :the disruption of axons and myelin neural tub are intact.
       • NEUROTMESIS:Division of the nerve trunk .Occurs in open wounds
     • Healing
     • Radial nerve injury> "Wrist & Finger Drop"
       • treatment option
   • radiology options:
     • X-rays
     • CT Scan
     • MRI
   • Managements
     • Cast & splint
       • back splint keeps the area immobilized but not compressed
     • reduction :a procedure to set (reduce) a broken bone without surgery
       • Direct
         •  Direct clamp application
         •  Push-pull technique
       • Indirect
         • Traction table with image intensifier
         • Distractor and joysticks
     • physiotherapy
       • -Wand exercise -Shoulder wheel -Finger ladder exercise -Swiss ball exercise
     • Psychotherapy
       • Exposure therapy "Graded Exposure"
         • Constructing an exposure fear hierarchy, in which feared objects, activities, or situations are ranked according to difficulty. Starting with mildly or moderately difficult exposures, then progress to harder ones.
   • complications of healing
     • -Compartment syndrome -Neurovascular injury -Infection -Post-traumatic arthritis -Growth abnormalities- Delayed union Nonunion Malunion

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