Fatima's Soft Bones

Fatima's Soft Bones

1. Anatomy

   • Bones
   • Ligaments
   • Muscles
   • Nerves
   • Blood Supply
   • Joint

2. Bone Pain

   • Causes
     • Bone tumor
     • Bone infection
     • Leukemia
     • Hypercalcemia
     • Rickets
     • osteomalacia
     • Paget disease

3. Osteoporosis

   • Definition
     • A term denoting increased porosity of the skeleton and increased bone fragility due to reduction in bone mass
   • Types
     • Localized osteoporosis
       • e.g. disuse osteoporosis in a limb
     • Generalized osteoporosis
       • Primary
         • Senile
         • Postmenopausal
       • secondary
   • Pathogenesis
     • Decrease in total bone mass and density.
   • Clinical Features
     • asymptomatic
     • Bone pain
     • Loss in height
     • Instability of vertebral column
   • Investigations
     • Complete Blood Count
     • Serum Electrolyte Test
     • Blood Sugar Test
     • Thyroid Hormone Test
     • Screening Test
       • BMD
       • FRAX
       • Ultrasound
     • Radiology
       • Bone X-ray
       • CT-Scan of the spine
       • MRI of the spine
   • Risk Factors
     • Alcohol use
     • Corticosteroid use
     • Family history
     • Calcium and vitamin D levels
     • Lifestyle factors
   • Management
     • Pharmacological
       • Bisphosphonates
       • Selective estrogen receptor modulators
       • Calcitonin
       • Denosumab
       • Teriparatide
     • Hormone Replacement Therapy
     • Nutrition therapy
     • Physiotherapy

4. Fractures

   • Types
     • Non-vertebral Fractures
       • Hip Fracture
         • Definition
           • It is a common injury in older women with underlying 'thinning' of the bones
         • Types
           • Intracapsular
           • Extracapsula
         • Clinical Findings
           • Severe pain
           • Immobility
           • External rotation
           • Shorter leg
           • Stiffness
           • bruising and swelling
         • Complications
           • Deep vein thrombosis
           • Post-operative infection
           • Fracture non-union
           • Blood loss
         • Physical Examination
           • Inspection
           • Palpation
           • Movements
           • Special tests
             • Thomas’ test
             • Trendelenburg test
     • Vertebral Fractures

Images and files in the map