Thermodynamics mindmap

Thermodynamics mindmap

1. Heat and temperature

   • Temperature
     • Absolute zero
       • 0K or -273.15 celcius
       • Theorhetical temperature where an ideal gas would have zero volume
     • A measure of kinetic energy in a substance
       • kinetic theory
         • the idea that microscopic movments of particles will reflect the microscopic movments of the substance as a whole
   • Temperature scales
     • Fixed points
       • fairly constant points such as the boilind and freezing point of water that can be used to make a tempreature scale
     • Celsius scale
       • Kelvin scale
         • degrees same size as 1 celsius but starting a absolute zero
       • fixed points at the boiling and freezing points of water, 100 and 0 respectivly

2. Internal Energy

   • Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
     • no molecules have no energy
     • only some molecules have high energy
     • there is no maximum value for energy
     • area under the graph represents the total energy of the system
     • A mathematical model describing the distributions of energies at a given temperature
   • rms speed
     • root of the average sum of the squared speeds
       • √(∑v^2 )/n)
     • <c^2>
   • modal speed
     • most common speed, ie the peak of the graph
   • average speed
     • sum of speeds over number of speeds
   • molecular kinetics
     • Average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to its absolute temperture
       • 1/2 m<c^2> = 3/2 kT
         • Where k = 1.38 x 10^-23 Jk^-1
   • the sum of kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules in a substance

3. Heat Transfer

   • Specific heat capacity
     • A property of a material that describes the energy required to raise 1 kg of a substance 1K
     • ∆E=mc∆T
   • Specific latent heat
     • The energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance at a constant temperature
     • ∆E=L∆m
     • once a solid has reached its melting point it requires additional energy to change its phase
   • Black body radiators
     • will perfectly absorb all radiation that lands on it
       • therefor will emit EM radiation at all wavlengths
         • As objects that are good absorbers of radiation are also good emitters.

4. Ideal Gas Behavior

   • Boyle's Law
     • P∝1/V
   • Charles' Law
     • V∝T
   • Pressure Law (Gay-Lussac's Law)
     • P∝T
   • pV = nRT
     • R = 8.31
   • molecules have no size
   • molecules are identical
   • collisions are perfectly elastic
   • molecules exert no force
   • enough molecules that statistics apply
   • random motion
   • for 1 mol of gas pV = NakT

5. Kinetic Theory Equation

   • Notes on deriving kinetic theory equation
   • pV= 1/3 Nm<c^2>

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