Periods of English History

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Mind Map on Periods of English History, created by eiholzercristin on 05/27/2014.
eiholzercristin
Mind Map by eiholzercristin, updated more than 1 year ago
eiholzercristin
Created by eiholzercristin over 10 years ago
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Resource summary

Periods of English History
  1. 1. Old English: Anglo-Saxon England
    1. Germanic tribes settled in England (Roman Empire) in the 5th century -> Great Migration (Völkerwanderung)
      1. in some areas occupied by these tribes ->
        1. Germanic languages (Germany, England)
          1. Vulgar Latin (France)
          2. these three tribes were: Angles, Saxons, Jutes (coming from today northeastern Germany & Denmark) their language: Saxon (=English) = Anglo-Saxons!
            1. culture was largely oral but had form of writing: runes carved into wood, bone, stone
              1. Anglo-Saxons were christianised in the 7th century by missionaries from Rome and Ireland. Brought also along: Roman alphabet, reading, writing (mostly Latin), bookmaking
                1. Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms attacked by Vikings from Norway and Denmark in 8th century, settled in northern and eastern England -> area was called Danelaw
                  1. English-speaking Anglo-Saxons mixed with Old Norse from the Vikings, still Old-English
                    1. Scandinavian loanwords: contact happend on a everyday level -> knife, bark, egg, root, sky
                      1. some replaced English words: root for wyrt
                        1. scandinavian and english word survived side by side: heaven/sky, sick/ill
                      2. Latin loanwords: cheese - caseus, street - strata, wine - vinum
                        1. after Vikings came monasteries: altar, angel, candle
                          1. Latin = language of learning
                  2. 2. Middle English
                    1. Battle of Hastings: The Normans (Vikings who were settled in France) conquered all of England
                      1. they French language and culture: upper class only spoke French then, all the others English -> although French official language
                        1. over 10'000 French-loanwords out of church/religion, meals, art, learning, medicine etc.: table, dinner, art, etc.
                          1. english stem + french affix = understandable
                            1. words etablished very quick in English -> French endings were added to words (gentleman, gently)
                          2. different from Old English because its mixed vocabulary, internal changes -> loss of inflections
                            1. loss of different endings, now: -s
                              1. Great Vowel Shift! (1400-1600), From Middle-, to Modern-English
                                1. All long vowels of MidE: diphthongized or raised
                              2. beginning of Standard English!
                              3. 3. Early Modern English
                                1. no dramatic event like Norman Conquest but inventing of the printing press and the reformation -> language of renaissance!
                                  1. interest in classical antiquity -> borrowings from Greek and Latin (paradox, monopoly, explain) = inkhorn words (Tintenfasswörter) / hard words
                                    1. hard words: Germanic-Romance vocabulary, words learnt at school trough reading, meaning often not obvious. Native speakers today have to look up words!
                                      1. English voci very mixed: 1. wealth of synonyms (animal - beast, great - large)
                                        1. 2. Dissocation: mouth - oral -> only related in meaning, but not in form = dissociated
                                          1. hard words in English opaque, cannot be guessed from their components (Nas-horn in German transparent)
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