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Notes 1

Specimen volume

10 to 15 ml - of urine is centrifuged in a conical tube

12 ml - frequently used volume

0.5 - 1.0 ml - should be left in the test tube after decantation

Centrifuge urine at - 400 RCF for 5 min

How to report for microscopic examination?

Casts - average number per 10 lpf

Rbc and wbc- average number per 10 hpf

Epithelial cells , crystals and other elements - reported in semi quantitaitve terms

Sediment stains

Sternheimer - malbin stain

Most frequently used stain

Crystal violet + Safranin o

0.5% solution of toluidine blue

Metachromatic stain

used to differentiate WBC and renal tubular epithelial cells

2% acetic acid

Enhances nuclear detail

should not be used in sediment analysis

Oil red o , Sudan iii , polarizing microscopy

used to confirm the presence of lipids

Triglycerides and neutral fats - Red orange

Cholesterol - does not stain only polarizes

Gram stain

used for identification of bacterial casts

Hansel stain

Methylene blue + Eosin Y

preferred stain for urinary Eosinophils

Prussian blue stain

used for staining Iron and hemosiderin granules Se

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sediments

Urine sediments

1. Red blood cells

2. White blood cells

3. Squamous epithelial cells

4. Transitional Epithelial cells

5. Renal tubular epithelial cells

6. Oval fat bodies

7. Bacteria

8. Yeast

Candida albicans - yeast cells primarily seen in px infected with gardinella vaginalis

9. Parasites

Trichomonas Vaginalis-

Schistosoma japonicum-

Enterobius vermicularis-

10. Spermatozoa

positive protein may signiyfy increased in spermatozoa

11. Mucus

Tamm horsfall protein - major consituent of Mucus

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