Plural Policing

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•Pluralisation:

also referred to as multi-lateralisation

– fragmentation - policing beyond government - the ‘extended policing family’

•Represents

a new ‘structure of policing’ (Bayley & Shearing, 2001)

•‘Pluralisation’ has affected & will

continue to affect:

–

–the

aims & objectives policing: move to a more preventative & client

focused paradigm

–

–the

methods & tactics of policing: proactive & highly visible

–

–Affects

who provides or ‘delivers’ policing/security services - and the relationships between different

providers

Community Patrols NZ

Formed

in

2001 from

a collection of existing local volunteer street patrols

What

is a community patrol?

A voluntary

group of people giving some of their time and taking responsibility

within their own community to help make their

community safer

Patrols

perform role of ‘Capable Guardian’.

Mission

Statement

“Working

together

throughout New Zealand to reduce crime and build safer communities”

–

Note

similarity to NZ Police mission – ‘Safer Communities Together’

•Memorandum of

understanding with police in 2002 -

renewed in

2006 & 2012

•Some patrols have high

community profile: sign-written car - others covert

•Applicants vetted by police

& must complete

training

•Police notify

patrols

of ‘suspicious

activities’ & direct patrols to ‘trouble spots’

•Police inform patrols of ‘big’

events in their area

•Each member signs

‘declaration of confidentiality’

- abide by code of conduct

What do Community Patrols do?

•Patrols in

pairs - driver and ‘observer’

•Patrols residential,

business

& industrial

areas

– often directed/instructed by police

•Carry out surveillance through observation

•Take notes:

record &

gather information

•Assist at an

incident scene - if requested

•Watch out for stolen vehicles

•Report signs

of any

suspicious individuals, groups or activity

•Act on police

guidance

& advice

Maori Wardens - History

•Long

history in NZ - Māori Warden in

the 1870s

•Response

to changes

brought by Europeans

•1937:

Wardens appointed in Rotorua to

deal with drunkenness.

•1945:

Became legal entity

under

the Māori Advancement

Act –

response to issues generated by movement of Māori population

from rural areas to cities

•1970s:

Went into

a decline

- resurgence since

the 1980s/1990s.

•2007:

Maori Warden Project: Police & Te Puni Kokiri

aimed to increase numbers and build capacity/capability

•Currently

around 1000

warranted Maori Wardens

Mäori Wardens have a long and proud

history of protecting and supporting their communities, a role they are able to

fulfil because as members of those communities they are uniquely placed to

understand whänau and

the issues they face” (Te Puni Kökiri,

2013)

•At Tangihana

(funerals), Hui (gatherings) and local & National events.

•Security in Hospitals

•Patrolling streets in Cities and Towns

•Provide security on trains and buses

•Budget Advisors, Youth Counsellors

•Work with Youth at Risk

•Work with Families at Risk

•Provide security at Xmas Parades, Sports

events, Community Galas & School functions

Philosophy & Approach

Mäori Wardens

kaupapa

(philosophy) of Aroha ki te tangata

(compassion and care for people) reflects the Mäori

values of aroha (compassion), manaakitanga

(caring and sharing) and whanaungatanga

(relationships) (TPK,

2013)

Care and compassion philosophy

created tensions between Maori Wardens, Government & police:

oGeneral accountability

that

accompanies Government

funding

oPolice emphasis on law enforcement

&

Wardens emphasis on community safety &

wellbeing

Private Security: Main

industry sectors

•Protection of cash & other valuables

‘in transit’;

•Static & mobile guarding services;

•Manufacture, installation &

maintenance of alarms, detection devices & other security equipment;

•Access control

•Security advisory services (Consultancy)

•Private Investigation – especially fraud

& employee theft etc.

Mission/Objectives: Loss prevention

- Property

protection

- Personal

security

& Risk

Management - as

opposed to law enforcement or crime control

Factors driving growth & development of private security

•Police ‘withdrawal’

•Fear of Crime/Appreciation

of risk/Security mentality

•Politics of Crime: protection didn’t

match crime out of control rhetoric

•Growth of Night time economy

•Formalisation of informal social control

•Privatisation

Major components of change

•State monopoly on policing has been

broken

•Spectacular growth in the size and

visibility of private security industry

•Significant growth of citizen involvement

in policing/crime control (process of ‘responsibilisation’)

•Blurring of the boundaries between public

& private policing

Problems with Pluralisation

•Potential inequalities in the provision

of security/protection

•Standards & Professionalism?

•Is ‘private security’ an oxymoron – can

security ever be ‘private’?

•Governance: how do we regulate, control

or hold the private and volunteer sectors accountable?