Understanding Organisms - created from Mind Map

Fitness + Health Blood Pressure = mm of Mercury Fitness = Ability for physical activity Health = Disease free Smoking Diet and Heart disease mmHg Systolic = Max pressure Diastolic = Low pressure Increased by Stroke Low Pressure Obesity Smoking Stress High Alcohol intake High blood pressure Damage to brain Can damage kidneys Dizziness/ Fainting Measured by cardiovascular activity Strength Flexibility Stamina Speed Agility Fitness is situation dependent Increases blood pressure Nicotine Carbon Monoxide reduces oxygen carried by blood Oxygen deprivation damages cells CO combines with haemoglobin Prevents oxygen carrying Increases heart rate Risk increased by Arteries narrowing High saturated fat diet High salt levels Cholesterol build up in arteries Increases blood pressure

Balanced Diet Chemical Groups Protein Intake Overweight / Underweight? Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Simple sugars Stored in Liver as GLYCOGEN Amino acids Cannot be stored Fatty acids / glycerol Stored under skin / around organs Estimated avg. Daily Requirement First Class proteins Second Class proteins EAR = 0.6 x Body mass (kg) Given in g/day Essential Fish / meat Plants Non-essential BMI BMI = mass in kg / (height in m)^2 30+ = Obese 20+ = Overweight 20-25 = Normal

Staying Healthy Malaria Cancers Pathogens Protozoa: Plasmodium Killing Mosquitoes stops spread Feeds on red blood cells Carried by vectors - Mosquitoes A parasite, causes harm Smoking increases lung cancer risk Alcohol increases mouth/liver UV increases skin cancer risk Beningn Malignant Divide slowly Harmless e.g. warts Rapid division Uncontrolled growth Spread in body Antibodies Vaccines Antigens Antibiotics Antivirals Placebo Provided by white blood cells Lock onto pathogen Quick but short term Inject harmless pathogen with antigens Provides small risk to individual Antigens prompt antibody production Memory cells remain in body Creates long-term immunity Outweighed by pathogen risk Active area of pathogen Gets locked on to Bacteria Fungi Destroy pathogen Resistant strains Due to excessive use Highly dangerous E.g. MRSA superbug Viruses Slow down pathogen development 'imaginary' effect Blind trial Double blind trial Patient unaware Patient and doctor unaware

The Nervous System Eyes Nerve Cells Pupil Iris Cornea Lens Retina Ciliary Muscles Optic Nerve Binocular Vision of a predator (us) "Accomodation" Faults in Vision Control Suspensory Ligaments (Movement) Allows depth perception Focus on near/distant objects Long/short sight Colourblindness Neurones Synapse = Gap between neurones Axon carries message Dendrites pick up impulses Reflex arc: Stimulus Receptor Sensory Neurone Central Nervous System Motor Neurone Effector Response Transmitter substance triggered by impulse Transmitter Diffuses Binds with receptor molecules Next impulse begins

Drugs Depressants block neurotransmitters Stimulants cause increase in neurotransmitters Painkillers Perfomance Enhancers Hallucinogens Smoking Alcohol (Slow down responses) Contains cilla-stopping chemicals Cilia are tiny hairs in trachea, bronchi, bronchules Smoker's Cough Increases cancer risk Dust and smoke lining the trachea Mucus not moved increases reaction times 1 unit = 1 hour Liver is damaged by processing Thus increases accident risk

Balance Homeostasis Temp. Control Blood Sugars "Internal Environment" Control of water, CO2 and temp Works on negative feedback 37'C Heat stroke Dehydration Low temp = Hypothermia Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Optimal level for enzymes Controlled by Insulin Diabetes Type 1: NO INSULIN Type 2: Some insulin Insulin: Converts excess glucose into Glycogen Injections needed Strenuous activity -> Less insulin injected Diet regulated

Controlling Plant Growth Roots = Negatively phototropic Stem = Positively Phototropic Auxins Other Plan Hormone Uses Positively geotropic Negatively Geotropic Plant growth hormone Concentrate in SHADY PART Plant grows TOWARDS LIGHT Weedkillers Root growth Delay/accelerate ripening Control seed dormancy

Variation/Inhereitance Dominant/reccessive Genotype: Genetic Makeup Phenotype: Physical appearance Human Chromosomes Variation causes Faulty Genes Alleles Homozygous = Two identical alleles Heterozygous = two different alleles 23 Pairs Sex chromosomes = XX or XY (Or XYY) Sperm: Either X or Y Egg: Only X Gametes = Sex sells Gene mutation Rearrangement of genes Standard fertilisation Pre-birth genetic tests Caused by faulty alleles Lets us know risk of inhereitance Mostly recessive

Understanding Organisms