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krakatoa-1883-lowered by 1.2 degrees "year without summer"

pinatubo-1991-10% decrease in sunlight-0.5 deg decrease

med warm period- sunspot theory

early quaternary ice ages- milanvovich cycles wobbles, orbit changes, tilts

ecosystem impact

135 species become extinct

megafauna (40+kg) most badly affected-wolly mamouth, sabretoothed tiger had adapted during the ice age

warmed by 6 deg in 1,000 years

mass migration

disrupted food chain some animals sateved

movement caused contact with humans

hunting increaseed speeding the rate of depletion

the temperature change caused stress for the animals

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