Acids and Bases

Acids and alkalis

Acids: Produce an excess of hydrogen ions ($H^{+}$) when they dissolve in water Alkalis/bases: Produce an excess of hydroxide ions($OH^{-}$) when they dissolve in water   High concentration of hydrogen ions leads to a lower pH and a more acidic solution. High concentration of hydroxide ions leads to a higher pH and a more basic solution.   If the concentration of hydrogen ions is increased by 10, the pH decreases by 1. If the concentration of hydrogen ions is decreased by 10, the pH increases by 1.   If a strong and a weak acid are present in equal concentrations, then the strong acid will have a higher pH because it is more dissociated and hence has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions.

Neutralisation

Neutralisation by metal oxides: $\text{Acid + metal oxide}\rightarrow\text{salt + water}$   Example:  $MgO (s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow MgCl_2 + H_2O (l)$ $\text{Magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid} \rightarrow \text{ Magnesium chloride + water}$  This is the reaction that takes place when antacids are taken to ease indigestion   Neutralisation by soluble bases (also known as alkalis) Hydrogen ions in the acid react with hydroxide ions from the alkali to form water The other ions from the acid in the alkali stay in solution as a dissolved salt  

Investigating neutralisation Place HCl in a beaker and record its pH using a pH probe or Universal Indicator Paper Add a weighed amount of calcium hydroxide to the beaker and measure the pH again. Repeat this several times, plotting a graph of pH versus mass of calcium hydroxide added to the beaker