Development Dynamics - paper 1

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WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?

Development = measures how advanced a country is compared to another, the standard of living (whether if people can afford the things they need to survive), quality of life.

Development= to change and grow. Usually refers to an increase in wealth for a country and its citizens.

Measuring development

Measure using statistics or economic indicators and social indicators.

Birth rate/ Death rate how safe people feel.

HDI

Access to clean water

Infant mortality rate

Level of literacy

GDP

Some factors to consider when evaluating development

Economic - income, type of industries, security of jobs

Physical well-being - diet, access to clean water, environment (climate, hazards)

Mental well-being - freedom, security, happiness

Social - access to education, access to health care, access to leisure facilities

Economic indicators

GDP - Gross Domestic Product = total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

HDI - Human Development Index = measurements of a country's gross national income per capita (similar to GDP), Life expectancy and years in education creates a country's development level.

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Developments differences

These HDI graphs show that India has a low HDI showing that it has a low development. The second graph still shows the low development but also having a high health.

This population pyramid for INDIA shows that it has a: High fertility rate - which gives the pyramid a broad base,

Youthful population - most people are under 30, problems can be: pressure on housing - not enough houses, people live in slums (common in New Delhi), pressure on food supplies - famine

short life expectancy,

rapid fall in each upward age

The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.

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Theories of development

Rostows modernization theory

Problems:

Assumes that all countries start at the same level of development

Doesn't consider the quality & quantity of a country's resources, population or climate/natural hazards

Out of date, based on the 18th - 19th-century development of European countries

Fails to consider that Europen development came at the expense of other countries ( colonization)

Rostow believed that poverty was the reason why some countries overthrew their governments e.g. China became communist. His theory, therefore, was based on the experiences of Europe, North America, and Oceania.

Franks dependency theory

Developing countries cant develop because they are dependant on developed countries.

Most developed countries have the economic and political power to exploit less developed countries and impose trade barriers and conditions for loans that hinder development.

Problems:

Outdated - Written in the 1950s. China and India, which may show dependency theory doesn't work (or applies to some places)

Doesn't takes account other factors which may limit development e.g. natural disasters, lack of resources, conflict

Frank believed development was tied to 2 types of the global region: core and periphery. Low-value materials are traded between the periphery and the core. The core processes these into higher value products and becomes wealthier by selling to other core areas. with these rules, poor countries will never develop or become wealthy.

CORE = Austrailia, Singapore

SEMI-PERIPHERY= Sirlanka, Chile

PERIPHERY= Mali

Core area: Maharashtra - Mumbai (largest city)

India's richest core region, highest GDP.

Services - banking, IT and call center - Mumbai universities produce English speakers who are employed by large western companies e.g. BT.

Manufacturing: cotton, food processing, steel, engineering, and cement are commonly exported.

Entertainment: Worlds largest film industry - Bollywood

Leisure & business services - hotels and restaurants

Periphery area: Bihar

Poorest state - 86% of population live in rural areas with most working in farming

Average income - 6000 rupees (£75) per person per year - 33% of India's average income

55% of households live below the poverty line, 80% of people work in low-level jobs

Gets very little investment from companies because its people cant afford basic services

2003, only 58.5% had electricity, 12% had water-flushed toilets

School attendance = low - 35% of children attending primary school and only 8% reached upper primary.

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Types of development

Top-down development - decisions made by the government. Local people are not involved in the process e.g. Dams for Hydro-Electric Power

Large-scale projects that aim at national level or regional - level development

Very expensive to operate after being built, often funded by international development banks

Sophisticated technology that needs experts to install and maintain

Problems:

Country gets into debt as it borrows large amounts of money from the World Bank

Conditions are often attached to the loans

Uses lots of energy

Often take resources away from peripheral areas

Bottom-up development - local people are fully involved. Often more appropriate to the local needs of the people. E.g. Building a biogas digester.

Local-scale projects that aim to benefit a village or small group of communities

Very cheap compared to top-down, but usually funded by the village itself

Straightforward technology that local people can learn to operate and repair

Globalisation is the way countries are becoming more interconnected both economically and culturally.

What are the 4 drivers of globalization?

Political Parties

TNC's

Computer Technology

Transport Technology

Positive impacts of globalization:

Faster economic growth

Quicker access to technology

Cheaper imports

More efficient world economy

Creates millions of jobs

Negative impacts of globalization

Responsible for many environmental problems e.g. global warming

3rd world countries are being taken advantage of

Loss of culture

The process of globalization:

Resources are gathered from many different countries.

They are then sent to factories and sales outlets in other countries

The products are advertised globally through technology and communications

The products are then globally distributed through transporting technology

The trade of products made possible through trade agreement, free trade and import/export

The products impact countries culture and economy

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Approaches to development

NGO - Non- governmental organization (e.g. the charity Action Aid)

IGO - Intergovernmental organizations (e.g. the United Nations) intermediate technology - simple technology that local people can operate and maintain themselves

TNC - Transnational corporation

NGO-led intermediate technology

Targeted at specific needs of local people e.g. supply of clean water from a new well

Generates jobs among local people e.g. repairing technology, training users

Governments often rely on NGO's instead of developing their own systems to help their people

Lack of data about how successful NGO schemes really; not as accountable as IGOs

IGO-funded lar infrastructure

Can access very large sums of money from IGOs like the World Bank

Large infrastructure developments can benefit hundreds of thousands of people

High-tech solutions can be costly to maintain and may fail if funds run out

Many local people may not actually benefit e.g. if they have to move because a major new dam project flood their area

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Location & Context

INDIA

Emerging country

Bollywood films - making 1600 films a year seen in total by 2.7billion people

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Globalisation and change

The role of globalization

Transport technology - containerisation made global trade much cheaper

Internet technology - rapid, cheap communications between countries

TNCs - leading the outsourcing of manufacturing and services to emerging countries

Government policy - emerging countries invested in infrastructure to attract TNCs, set up low-tax, low-regulation enterprise zones: encouraging FDI

Demographic change

Rapid economic development of emerging countries leads to:

Rapid population growth

Improved medical technology and health education lower infant mortality

Fertility remains high during the country's rapid economic growth

Rising prosperity (wealth) and/or government policy starts to reduce fertility

Improved living standards and healthcare increase life expectancy

Regional changes

Rural-urban migration has caused regional changes in many emerging countries

Rural-urban migration causes rapid city growth with young populations

Rural-urban migration leaves old people in the countryside

Regions remote from rapid industrialization and urbanization may be much poorer

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Economic development

Positive impacts

New jobs and skills (brought in by TNCs) especially benefits young migrants

Reduced poverty worldwide - in the last 20 years, nearly 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty (mostly in China)

New technologies (e.g. 'green revolution') can reduce workload for rural women

Negative impacts

TNCs may decide t pull out of a region or country, causing unemployment

Economic development has increased inequality between the very rich and the very poor in many emerging countries

Pace of change is very rapid, leaving old people feeling lost and out of place

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