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RESEARCH ETHICS

luce charlotte 8 perguntas

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  1. 1Research ethics are [blank_start]issues[blank_end] that arise when research involves [blank_start]human[blank_end] or [blank_start]animal[blank_end] subjects.
    They also involve the [blank_start]importance[blank_end] of [blank_start]publishing[blank_end] findings in a [blank_start]transparent[blank_end] way, and not plagiarising/[blank_start]falsifying[blank_end] work.

    WHY ARE RESEARCH ETHICS [blank_start]IMPORTANT[blank_end]?
    They promote the [blank_start]aims[blank_end] of research, such as [blank_start]expanding[blank_end] [blank_start]knowledge[blank_end].
    They support [blank_start]social[blank_end] and moral [blank_start]values[blank_end], such as not [blank_start]harming[blank_end] others.
    They ensure the [blank_start]public[blank_end] can [blank_start]trust[blank_end] research and will continue to [blank_start]fund[blank_end] it.
    They hold researchers [blank_start]accountable[blank_end] for their [blank_start]actions[blank_end].
    They support the [blank_start]values[blank_end] required for [blank_start]collaborative[blank_end] work: such as fairness and [blank_start]mutual[blank_end] [blank_start]respect[blank_end].
    1. Aissues
    2. Bhuman
    3. Canimal
    4. Dimportance
    5. Epublishing
    6. Ftransparent
    7. Gfalsifying
    8. HIMPORTANT
    9. Iaims
    10. Jexpanding
    11. Kknowledge
    12. Lsocial
    13. Mvalues
    14. Nharming
    15. Opublic
    16. Pfund
    17. Qtrust
    18. Raccountable
    19. Sactions
    20. Tcollaborative
    21. Uvalues
    22. Vmutual
    23. Wrespect
  2. 2WHAT ARE ETHICAL ISSUES?
    An ethical [blank_start]issue[blank_end] is a [blank_start]conflict[blank_end] between the [blank_start]rights[blank_end] of the [blank_start]participants[blank_end] and the [blank_start]aims[blank_end] of the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end].
    1. Aissue
    2. Bconflict
    3. Crights
    4. Dparticipants
    5. Eaims
    6. Fresearcher
  3. 3INFORMED CONSENT
    [blank_start]Informed[blank_end] consent is where participants should be given [blank_start]detailed[blank_end] [blank_start]information[blank_end] about the [blank_start]nature[blank_end] and purpose of the study so they can [blank_start]decide[blank_end] whether to take [blank_start]part[blank_end].
    The [blank_start]issue[blank_end] is that if participants are given too much [blank_start]information[blank_end] they could [blank_start]guess[blank_end] the [blank_start]aim[blank_end] which would [blank_start]invalidate[blank_end] the [blank_start]purpose[blank_end] of the study.
    They could also [blank_start]change[blank_end] their [blank_start]behaviour[blank_end] on purpose, which would also [blank_start]invalidate[blank_end] the [blank_start]findings[blank_end].
    Another issue is that [blank_start]participants[blank_end] might [blank_start]agree[blank_end] but still not fully [blank_start]understand[blank_end], e.g [blank_start]Epstein[blank_end] + [blank_start]Lasagna[blank_end] [blank_start]1969[blank_end] found that only [blank_start]1/3[blank_end] of participants [blank_start]volunteering[blank_end] for an experiment really [blank_start]understood[blank_end] what they were [blank_start]agreeing[blank_end] to take part in.
    To deal with [blank_start]informed[blank_end] consent, participants are asked to [blank_start]formally[blank_end] [blank_start]indicate[blank_end] their agreement by signing a [blank_start]consent[blank_end] [blank_start]form[blank_end] that contains [blank_start]information[blank_end] about what their [blank_start]role[blank_end] in the study will be.
    Another option is to gain [blank_start]presumptive[blank_end] [blank_start]consent[blank_end], which involves asking a [blank_start]group[blank_end] of people who are [blank_start]similar[blank_end] to the [blank_start]participants[blank_end] to [blank_start]agree[blank_end] to take part in a study. If they do, it’s [blank_start]presumed[blank_end] that the [blank_start]real[blank_end] participants would too. The [blank_start]problem[blank_end] with this is that what people [blank_start]expect[blank_end] they’d be [blank_start]okay[blank_end] with can be [blank_start]different[blank_end] from actually [blank_start]experiencing[blank_end] it.
    1. AInformed
    2. Bdetailed
    3. Cinformation
    4. Dnature
    5. Edecide
    6. Fpart
    7. Gissue
    8. Hinformation
    9. Iguess
    10. Jaim
    11. Kinvalidate
    12. Lpurpose
    13. Mchange
    14. Nbehaviour
    15. Oinvalidate
    16. Pfindings
    17. Qagree
    18. Rparticipants
    19. Sunderstand
    20. TEpstein
    21. ULasagna
    22. V1969
    23. W1/3
    24. Xvolunteering
    25. Yunderstood
    26. Zagreeing
    27. AAinformed
    28. ABformally
    29. ACindicate
    30. ADconsent
    31. AEform
    32. AFinformation
    33. AGrole
    34. AHpresumptive
    35. AIconsent
    36. AJgroup
    37. AKsimilar
    38. ALparticipants
    39. AMagree
    40. ANpresumed
    41. AOreal
    42. APproblem
    43. AQexpect
    44. ARokay
    45. ASdifferent
    46. ATexperiencing
  4. 42. DECEPTION
    [blank_start]Deception[blank_end] is where the participant isn’t told the [blank_start]true[blank_end] [blank_start]aim[blank_end] of the [blank_start]study[blank_end], and thus can’t give [blank_start]informed[blank_end] [blank_start]consent[blank_end].
    It can be [blank_start]necessary[blank_end] because otherwise participants might [blank_start]alter[blank_end] their [blank_start]behaviour[blank_end] to fit in with the [blank_start]expectations[blank_end] of the [blank_start]researcher[blank_end].
    However, there is a [blank_start]difference[blank_end] between [blank_start]withholding[blank_end] some details of the research, and providing [blank_start]false[blank_end] [blank_start]information[blank_end] on purpose.
    Deception can lead people to see [blank_start]researchers[blank_end] as [blank_start]untrustworthy[blank_end] which could stop them [blank_start]taking[blank_end] part in the [blank_start]future[blank_end].
    The [blank_start]need[blank_end] for deception should be [blank_start]approved[blank_end] by an ethics [blank_start]committee[blank_end] - a [blank_start]group[blank_end] of people within a [blank_start]research[blank_end] [blank_start]institution[blank_end] that must [blank_start]approve[blank_end] a study before it begins - who [blank_start]weigh[blank_end] up the [blank_start]benefits[blank_end] of the study against the [blank_start]cost[blank_end] to [blank_start]participants[blank_end].
    If participants are [blank_start]deceived[blank_end], they should be [blank_start]debriefed[blank_end] after the study. The [blank_start]aim[blank_end] of debriefing is to [blank_start]inform[blank_end] [blank_start]participants[blank_end] about the [blank_start]true[blank_end] [blank_start]nature[blank_end] of the study and give them chance to ask [blank_start]questions[blank_end] and give [blank_start]feedback[blank_end].
    Participants must also be given the [blank_start]opportunity[blank_end] to [blank_start]withdraw[blank_end] their data from the study and be offered [blank_start]counselling[blank_end] if needed.
    The problem with the [blank_start]cost-benefit[blank_end] analysis is that it involves [blank_start]subjective[blank_end] [blank_start]judgement[blank_end], and the costs/benefits [blank_start]aren’t[blank_end] always [blank_start]obvious[blank_end] until the study has been [blank_start]done[blank_end].
    The issue with [blank_start]debriefing[blank_end] is that it can’t turn back [blank_start]time[blank_end]: participants might feel [blank_start]deceived[blank_end] and embarrassed about their [blank_start]behaviour[blank_end]. Debriefing is only a [blank_start]partial[blank_end] [blank_start]solution[blank_end] to deception.
    1. ADeception
    2. Btrue
    3. Caim
    4. Dstudy
    5. Einformed
    6. Fconsent
    7. Gnecessary
    8. Halter
    9. Ibehaviour
    10. Jexpectations
    11. Kresearcher
    12. Ldifference
    13. Mwithholding
    14. Nfalse
    15. Oinformation
    16. Puntrustworthy
    17. Qresearchers
    18. Rtaking
    19. Sfuture
    20. Tneed
    21. Uapproved
    22. Vcommittee
    23. Wgroup
    24. Xinstitution
    25. Yresearch
    26. Zapprove
    27. AAweigh
    28. ABbenefits
    29. ACcost
    30. ADparticipants
    31. AEdeceived
    32. AFdebriefed
    33. AGaim
    34. AHinform
    35. AIparticipants
    36. AJtrue
    37. AKnature
    38. ALquestions
    39. AMfeedback
    40. ANopportunity
    41. AOwithdraw
    42. APcounselling
    43. AQcost-benefit
    44. ARsubjective
    45. ASjudgement
    46. ATobvious
    47. AUaren’t
    48. AVdone
    49. AWdebriefing
    50. AXtime
    51. AYdeceived
    52. AZbehaviour
    53. BApartial
    54. BBsolution
  5. 53. PRIVACY
    [blank_start]Privacy[blank_end] is a person’s right to [blank_start]control[blank_end] the flow of [blank_start]information[blank_end] about [blank_start]themselves[blank_end].
    It can be an [blank_start]issue[blank_end], especiallly in [blank_start]observations[blank_end] as there is no [blank_start]universal[blank_end] [blank_start]agreement[blank_end] as to what constitutes ‘[blank_start]public[blank_end]’.
    It’s also difficult to [blank_start]avoid[blank_end] [blank_start]invading[blank_end] privacy when studying [blank_start]participants[blank_end] without their [blank_start]knowledge[blank_end], such as in a [blank_start]covert[blank_end] [blank_start]field[blank_end] experiment.
    Researchers [blank_start]shouldn’t[blank_end] observe anyone [blank_start]without[blank_end] their consent in a [blank_start]private[blank_end] place. They should gain [blank_start]prior[blank_end] [blank_start]consent[blank_end] where [blank_start]appropriate[blank_end] and [blank_start]retrospective[blank_end] consent when in [blank_start]public[blank_end] places.
    Researchers should not ask for [blank_start]sensitive[blank_end] [blank_start]information[blank_end].
    1. APrivacy
    2. Bcontrol
    3. Cinformation
    4. Dthemselves
    5. Eissue
    6. Fobservations
    7. Guniversal
    8. Hagreement
    9. Ipublic
    10. Javoid
    11. Kinvading
    12. Lparticipants
    13. Mknowledge
    14. Ncovert
    15. Ofield
    16. Pshouldn’t
    17. Qwithout
    18. Rprivate
    19. Sprior
    20. Tconsent
    21. Uappropriate
    22. Vretrospective
    23. Wpublic
    24. Xsensitive
    25. Yinformation
  6. 64. CONFIDENTIALITY
    [blank_start]Confidentiality[blank_end] means that participants have the [blank_start]right[blank_end] to have their [blank_start]personal[blank_end] [blank_start]information[blank_end] protected.
    The [blank_start]Data[blank_end] [blank_start]Protection[blank_end] [blank_start]Act[blank_end] makes confidentiality a [blank_start]legal[blank_end] right, and it’s only [blank_start]acceptable[blank_end] for data to be [blank_start]recorded[blank_end] in a [blank_start]form[blank_end] that doesn’t [blank_start]identify[blank_end] participants.
    It can be [blank_start]difficult[blank_end] to [blank_start]protect[blank_end] because researchers want to [blank_start]publish[blank_end] their [blank_start]findings[blank_end].
    They ma use [blank_start]false[blank_end] [blank_start]names[blank_end] or numbers, but it could still be [blank_start]possible[blank_end] to identify participants through [blank_start]location[blank_end] or ages: [blank_start]confidentiality[blank_end] may not [blank_start]always[blank_end] be possible.
    The [blank_start]difference[blank_end] between confidentiality and [blank_start]privacy[blank_end] is that [blank_start]confidentiality[blank_end] refers to the [blank_start]protection[blank_end] of [blank_start]information[blank_end] being communicated from one person to [blank_start]another[blank_end], whereas [blank_start]privacy[blank_end] refers to a [blank_start]zone[blank_end] of [blank_start]inaccessability[blank_end] of mind/body, and the [blank_start]trust[blank_end] that this won’t be [blank_start]invaded[blank_end].
    1. AConfidentiality
    2. Bright
    3. Cpersonal
    4. Dinformation
    5. EData
    6. FProtection
    7. GAct
    8. Hlegal
    9. Iacceptable
    10. Jrecorded
    11. Kidentify
    12. Lform
    13. Mpublish
    14. Nfindings
    15. Oprotect
    16. Pdifficult
    17. Qfalse
    18. Rnames
    19. Spossible
    20. Tlocation
    21. Uconfidentiality
    22. Valways
    23. Wdifference
    24. Xprivacy
    25. Yconfidentiality
    26. Zprotection
    27. AAinformation
    28. ABanother
    29. ACprivacy
    30. ADinaccessability
    31. AEzone
    32. AFtrust
    33. AGinvaded
  7. 75. PROTECTION FROM HARM
    [blank_start]Protection[blank_end] from [blank_start]harm[blank_end] means that participants shouldn’t [blank_start]experience[blank_end] any [blank_start]negative[blank_end] [blank_start]physical[blank_end] or [blank_start]psychological[blank_end] effects from the [blank_start]study[blank_end] beyond what would be [blank_start]normal[blank_end] for them to [blank_start]experience[blank_end].
    It is considered [blank_start]acceptable[blank_end] if the [blank_start]risk[blank_end] of harm is no [blank_start]greater[blank_end] than [blank_start]everyday[blank_end] life, and if participants are in the [blank_start]same[blank_end] [blank_start]state[blank_end] after the study as they were [blank_start]before[blank_end] [unless they have [blank_start]consented[blank_end] [blank_start]otherwise[blank_end]].
    It’s [blank_start]difficult[blank_end] to [blank_start]guarantee[blank_end] protection from harm because it can be [blank_start]impossible[blank_end] to [blank_start]predict[blank_end] the [blank_start]outcomes[blank_end] of procedures.
    Researchers should [blank_start]stop[blank_end] the study if [blank_start]harm[blank_end] is [blank_start]suspected[blank_end].
    1. Aharm
    2. BProtection
    3. Cexperience
    4. Dnegative
    5. Epsychological
    6. Fphysical
    7. Gstudy
    8. Hnormal
    9. Iexperience
    10. Jacceptable
    11. Krisk
    12. Lgreater
    13. Meveryday
    14. Nsame
    15. Ostate
    16. Pbefore
    17. Qconsented
    18. Rotherwise
    19. Sguarantee
    20. Tdifficult
    21. Uimpossible
    22. Vpredict
    23. Woutcomes
    24. Xstop
    25. Ysuspected
    26. Zharm
  8. 86. RIGHT TO WITHDRAW
    The [blank_start]right[blank_end] to [blank_start]withdraw[blank_end] means that participants should be given the [blank_start]opportunity[blank_end] to [blank_start]remove[blank_end] their [blank_start]data[blank_end] at any time, especially if they’ve been [blank_start]deceived[blank_end] about the [blank_start]nature[blank_end] of a study.
    However, there can be [blank_start]problems[blank_end] as participants may [blank_start]feel[blank_end] they can’t [blank_start]withdraw[blank_end] because it will [blank_start]ruin[blank_end] a study, or because they are being [blank_start]rewarded[blank_end].
    [blank_start]Remaining[blank_end] participants could be [blank_start]bias[blank_end] as they are [blank_start]likely[blank_end] to be more [blank_start]obedient[blank_end].
    The only way to [blank_start]try[blank_end] and [blank_start]deal[blank_end] with the right to withdraw is to make it [blank_start]clear[blank_end] from the [blank_start]start[blank_end] of the study.
    1. Aright
    2. Bwithdraw
    3. Copportunity
    4. Dremove
    5. Edata
    6. Fdeceived
    7. Gnature
    8. Hproblems
    9. Iwithdraw
    10. Jfeel
    11. Kruin
    12. Lrewarded
    13. MRemaining
    14. Nbias
    15. Oobedient
    16. Plikely
    17. Qdeal
    18. Rtry
    19. Sclear
    20. Tstart

Informações

Descrição
Business/Economics Quiz sobre RESEARCH ETHICS , criado por luce charlotte em 09-01-2019.
Idioma
English
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