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Flashcards by bianquis16, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by bianquis16
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Neuroscience | The scientific study of the brain and nervous system in health and in disease. Multidisciplinary study based on brain and spinal cord |
| Behavioral Neuroscience/ Biological Psychology | The branch of psychology that studies the relationship between the brain and behavior The study of the biological foundations of behavior, emotions and mental processes. |
| Mind-body Dualism | A philosophical perspective put forward by Rene Descartes in which the body is mechanistic, whereas the mind is separate and non-physical. |
| Monism | A philosophical perspective characteristic of the neurosciences in which the mind is viewed as a product of activity in the brain. |
| Phrenology 2 Scientists | The misguided effort to correlate character traits with bumps in the skull. Gall and Spurzheim |
| Histology | The study of cells and tissues at the microscopic level. |
| Microtome | A device used to make very thin slices of tissue for histology. |
| Golgi Silver Stain | A strain developed by Camillo Golgi used to observe single neurons. Single cells, Darkly stains full neuron, Randomly stains ~5% of neurons |
| Nissl Stain | A stain used to view populations of cell bodies. Example: Cresyl Violet |
| Myelin Stain | A stain used to trace neural pathways. Stains myelin that wraps and insulates axons, Identifies neural pathways |
| Horseradish Peroxidase | A stain used to trace axon pathways from their terminals to points of origin. |
| Autopsy | The examination of body tissues following death. |
| Computerized Tomography (CT) | STRUCTURAL An imaging technology in which computers are used to enhance X-ray images. 3D images from x-ray tri-planar slices. Multiples X-rays used. X-ray penetrates body and absorbed by various “radiopaque” tissues |
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | FUNCTIONAL An imaging technique that provides information regarding the localization of brain activity. Injection of radioactive substance, 2-deoxyglucose, into bloodstream. |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | STRUCTURAL An imaging technique that provides very high resolution structural images. Uses magnetic field and radio waves. |
| Voxel | Short for "volume pixel". A pixel is the smallest distinguishable square part of a two-dimensional image. A voxel is the smallest distinguishable box-shaped part of a three-dimensional image. |
| Functional MRI (fMRI) | FUNCTIONAL A technology using a series of MRI images taken one to four seconds apart in order to assess the activity of the brain. Measures ration of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin to determine areas of brain activity. |
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) | Use of MRI technology to trace fiber pathways in the brain by tracking the flow of water. DTI allows direct in vivo examination of aspects of the tissue microstructure.. |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | The recording of the brain's electrical activity through electrodes placed on the scalp. Superficial neuron activity recording only so used to study sleep, brain states and diagnose seizures. |
| Event-Related Potential (ERP) | An alteration in the EEG recording produced in response to the application of a particular stimulus. Useful in studies of perception and cognitive processes. Overview of neural activity changes over time with increased abilities. |
| "Single-Cell Recording" | The recording of the activity of single neurons through microelectrodes surgically implanted in the area of interest. |
| Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) | A technique for stimulating the cortex at regular intervals by applying a magnetic pulse through a wire coil encased in plastic and placed on the scalp. Quickly changes magnetic fields to surface of skull that can interrupt brain function t |
| Optogenetics | The genetic insertion of molecules into specific neurons that allows the activity of the neurons to be controlled by blue light. Esquisite control and temporary control, within miliseconds. |
| Microdialysis | A technique for assessing the chemical composition of a very small area of the brain present in the extracellular fluid. Semipermeable membrane takes fluid and only chemical compounds taken and recorded. |
| Concordance Rate | The statistical probability that two cases will agree; usually used to predict the risk of identical twin for developing a condition already diagnosed in his or her twin. |
| Heritability | The amount that a trait varies in a population due to genetics. |
| Knockout Gene | A gene used to replace a normal gene that does not produce the protein product of the normal gene. |
| Epigenetics | The development of traits by factors that influence the performance of genes without changing the underlying genes themselves. |
| Stem Cell | A cell that can divide and differentiate into other types of cells. |
| Levels of Analysis in Neuroscience | Molecular Synaptic Cellular Circuit Brain Region Neural System Organ Level Social Level |
| Empiricism | use direct observation |
| Types of Observation | •Naturalistic observation •Case study •Survey •Experiment |
| Theory | Integrates and interprets many observations to explain a phenomenon. Theory is like a law but it has not been disproved and evidence is substantial and so is support |
| Hypothesis | Testable (yes/no) prediction that is used to guide further research. The buildup frame of theories The start of research to begin testing Based on observation and other information |
| Correlational Studies | Systematic research design that does not manipulate but rather observes whether two variables are connected |
| What is an Experiment? | Research Design characterized by: –Random Assignment –Control of extraneous/confounding variables –Manipulation of a condition –Measurement of changes from the manipulation |
| Experimental Group | Receives the manipulation. |
| Control Group | Does not receive the manipulation. |
| Independent variable (IV) | The manipulation done by the researcher. (A condition) |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | Results gathered by researcher, measurement of changes from the manipulation. Determine acceptance of hypothesis. |
| Experimental Design | Unlike correlational designs, they permit cause and effect inferences •May lack generalizability from lab to real world |
| Research with Human Participants (MIDDI) | •Must minimize pain, discomfort, risk •Informed Consent •Deception only if necessary •Debriefing •Institutional Oversight (IRB) |
| Why animals? | •Controlled environment •Homogenous history •Briefer development and lifespan •Some experiments cannot ethically be completed in people |
| Animal Research Guidelines (IAHCM) | •Institutional Oversight (IACUC) •As few subjects as possible •Humane Housing •Careful attention to health & welfare •Minimization of discomfort and stress |
| Trepanation | The deliberate drilling of holes into the skull |
| Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus | Oldest known medical writing |
| 3 Ancient Greeks | Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Galen |
| 2 Reflex Philosophers | Descartes and Galvani |
| 2 Physiologists: Electricity and the Nervous System | Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond |
| 2 Spinal Reflexes Physiologists (Dogs) | Magendie and Bell |
| 2 Structural Brain Unit Scientists | Golgi and Cajal |
| Neuron | Functional Unit of the Brain |
| Difference Image | The result of the baseline measure subtracted from the activity during the task to look at only the areas of interest. |
| Brain Recording Methods (4) | •Electroencephalography (EEG) •Event Related Potential (ERP) •Magnetoencephaolgraphy (MEG) •Single cell recording (Neurophysiology) In vitro or in vivo (typically in animals) |
| Neuroimaging | CT: computerized tomography MRI: magnetic resonance imaging PET: positron emission tomography fMRI: functional MRI |
| Structural Neuroimaging | CT: computerized tomography MRI: magnetic resonance imaging |
| Functional Neuroimaging | PET: positron emission tomography fMRI: functional MRI |
| Neurophysiology Intracellular Recording | –Brain slice ~0.5 mm wide –Inject current, depolarizing neuron, causing Action Potential In vitro, record individual neurons |
| Neurophysiology Extracellular Recording | - In vivo recording of electrical activity of one or more neurons - Electrode located near, not within, neuron - Correlate with behavioral/cognitive events Sticking electrode down into an area of the brain and software distinguishes between 1 or more neurons through calculations |
| Brain Manipulation Methods | •Optogenetics •Brain stimulation •Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) •Lesions |
| Brain Stimulation | Delineate functional properties of neural tissue. Once brain exposed in surgeries, mapped out brains and aroused certain areas of the brain by electrodes. |
| Deep Brain Stimulation | Sticking electrodes in deep brain and regulate activity; treats Parkinson and depression (less so) |
| Homunculus | The human model of the unequal distribution of neural tissue which is represented in the brain based on size ratios. |
| Lesions in Humans | –Trauma –Strokes –Tumors –Infection –Toxins –Neurological disease |
| Lesions in Animals (Purposeful) | – Ablation – Heat / Electrolytic – Neurotoxic – Cooling (reversible inactivation) |
| Ablation | The surgical removal of tissue. Make a big hole in the brain, tissue sucked out, specific areas, only one structure. |
| Brain Structure Methods (Finding Connectivity Anatomy) | •Histology •Tract tracing •Diffusion Tensor Imaging |
| Lesions | Pathological or traumatic damage to tissue. |
| To view Tissues: | 1.Fixed by freezing or formaldehyde. 2.Sliced thinly by a vibrating microtome or cryostat. 3.Mounted on microscope slides. 4.Stains applied to highlight structures of interest. 5.Viewed with a microscope (e.g., Light, Confocal, Electron) |
| Tract Tracing 2 Types | - Anterograde - Retrograde |
| Anterograde | "Moving Forward" Where a pathway ends From Dendrite to axon terminal |
| Retrograde | "Moving Backward" Where a pathway begins From Axon terminal to dendrite |
| Human Connectome Project | The goal is to go and map out the entirety of connections of neurons with the brain structures. |
| Neurochemical Methods | •Neuropharmacology •Microdialysis •Immunocytochemistry |
| Neuropharmacology | Drugs: chemical substances that alter biochemical functioning. In animals, drug infusion can be localized through use of guide cannula. |
| Receptor antagonists | Inhibitors of neurotransmitter receptors |
| Receptor agonists | Mimic actions of naturally occurring neurotransmitters |
| Immunocytochemistry | Uses antibodies attached to a dye to identify the presence of particular proteins, including: –Receptors –Neurotransmitters –Hormones –Enzymes |
| Antibody Binding 4 Steps | 1. Protein injected into animal to make antibodies 2. Blood containing antibodies removed 3. Antibody applied to tissue slices and tagged to make visible 4. Only neurons containing antigen are labeled |
| Genetic Methods | •Twin studies •Genetically modified animals |
| Twin Studies | Compare variable of interest between identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins Contribution of heredity is stated as concordance rate. if both twins suffer from it then a big genetic component, if a big discrepancy then environmental factor |
| Genetically Modified Animals | Allows genetic manipulation of protein production by use of Knockout or knockin genes. Add or remove a gene in the zygotic stage to adult stage, can be turned off or on by various methods. . |
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