Quiz
GI - Evolutionary adaptations
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Perguntas do quiz (15)
1Describe the different GI adaptations of the domestic species
• Carnivores
Dog / Cat
• Predators or scavengers
• High [blank_start]energy[blank_end] content
• Easily [blank_start]digestible[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Simple[blank_end] digestive tract
• [blank_start]Long[blank_end] interval between short meals
• Spacious stomach for storage- Aenergy
- Bdigestible
- CSimple
- DLong
2Describe the different GI adaptations of the domestic species
• Herbivores
Ruminants / Horses
• Browsers or grazers
• [blank_start]Low[blank_end] energy content
• [blank_start]Microbial[blank_end] digestion
• Digestive tract adapted for fermentation
• Continuous eating
• 2 digestive strategies:
• [blank_start]Foregut[blank_end] fermenters
• [blank_start]Hindgut[blank_end] fermenters- ALow
- BMicrobial
- CForegut
- DHindgut
3Describe the different GI adaptations of the domestic species
• Omnivores
Pigs
• Diet consists of both plant & animal origin
• Large species variation in digestive tract
• Bears range from herbivore to carnivores
• Degree of fermentation occurs in [blank_start]large[blank_end] intestine- Alarge
4Describe the differences in the fermentation process of herbivores
Fermentation
• [blank_start]Non[blank_end]-[blank_start]hydrolysable[blank_end] carbohydrate
• Requires [blank_start]microbial[blank_end] degradation in absence of [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] = fermentation
• [blank_start]Long[blank_end], [blank_start]slow[blank_end] process
Digestive tract adapted:
• To allow [blank_start]microbial[blank_end] population to thrive
• To ensure [blank_start]slow[blank_end] transit of food to allow [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end]- ANon
- Bhydrolysable
- Cmicrobial
- Doxygen
- ELong
- Fslow
- Gmicrobial
- Hslow
- Ifermentation
5Foregut fermenters
• Cattle / Sheep = Ruminants
• Stomach modified into [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] chamber
• Very efficient fermentation
• Fermentation products [blank_start]absorbed[blank_end] in [blank_start]stomach[blank_end]
• Microbial protein can pass into [blank_start]abomasum[blank_end] & [blank_start]small[blank_end] [blank_start]intestine[blank_end] for digestion / absorption- Afermentation
- Babsorbed
- Cstomach
- Dabomasum
- Esmall
- Fintestine
6Hindgut fermenters
• Horses (& rabbits)
• [blank_start]Large[blank_end] intestine modified into [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] chamber
• Moderately efficient fermentation
• Fermentation products absorbed in [blank_start]colon[blank_end]
• Microbial protein lost in [blank_start]faeces[blank_end]
• Rabbits practice [blank_start]coprophagy[blank_end]- Afermentation
- BLarge
- Ccolon
- Dfaeces
- Ecoprophagy
7Comparative differences in the fermentation process
• Hind-gut fermentation [blank_start]70[blank_end]% as efficient as fore-gut fermentation
Microbes less efficient
Lower degree of [blank_start]amylolytic[blank_end] fermentation
Hind-gut fermenters lose [blank_start]microbial[blank_end] protein in faeces
• HOWEVER gut-transit time in fore-gut fermenters dependent on rate of [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] and can’t be reduced whatever the nutrient quality of the fibre- A70
- Bamylolytic
- Cmicrobial
- Dfermentation
8Why do horses on abundant poor quality forage decrease gut transit time and therefore consume more
• Ruminants more efficient on [blank_start]good[blank_end] quality forage
• Horses more efficient on abundant [blank_start]poor[blank_end] quality forage
• If forage is in short supply (as in most natural competitive situations) ruminants predominate- Agood
- Bpoor
9Describe the different nutritional strategies of ruminants
Ruminant nutritional strategies
• Fruit, seeds, buds, young shoots & leaves high in hydrolysable carbohydrate (simple sugars)
• Stems, blades, older leaves high in fibre (complex carbohydrates)
• Ruminants have 3 nutritional strategies:
Browsers ([blank_start]concentrate[blank_end] selectors)
E.g. smallest ruminants, giraffes, most deer
Grazers ([blank_start]grass[blank_end] / [blank_start]roughage[blank_end] eaters)
E.g. cattle, sheep, hippos, most antelope
Intermediates ([blank_start]adaptable[blank_end] feeders)
E.g. goats, elk, moose, reindeer, camels, some antelope- Aconcentrate
- Broughage
- Cgrass
- Dadaptable
10Ruminant adaptation
Browsers
• [blank_start]Narrow[blank_end] muzzle
• [blank_start]More[blank_end] mobile lips / tongue
• [blank_start]Smaller[blank_end] forestomach
• Ruminant browsers retain [blank_start]functional[blank_end] [blank_start]oestophageal[blank_end] [blank_start]ventricular[blank_end] [blank_start]groove[blank_end]
• Small intestinal glucose absorbtion remains high
Growers
• [blank_start]Wide[blank_end] muzzels
• [blank_start]Less[blank_end] mobile lips/ tongue
• [blank_start]Larger[blank_end] fore stomach
• Ruminant grazers [blank_start]lose[blank_end] functional oetophageal ventricular groove
• Small intestinal glucose absorption [blank_start]declines[blank_end]- ANarrow
- BMore
- CSmaller
- Dfunctional
- Eoestophageal
- Fventricular
- Ggroove
- HWide
- ILarger
- JLess
- Klose
- Ldeclines
11Descibe the Oesophageal/ventricular groove
• Present in all young ruminants
• Enables [blank_start]milk[blank_end] to [blank_start]bypass[blank_end] [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] [blank_start]chamber[blank_end]
• Grazer ruminants [blank_start]lose[blank_end] groove function by [blank_start]weaning[blank_end]
• Browser ruminants [blank_start]retain[blank_end] groove function to allow diet high in [blank_start]hydrolysable[blank_end] [blank_start]carbohydrate[blank_end] ([blank_start]hCHO[blank_end]) to escape [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end]
• Normal digestion / absorption of [blank_start]hCHO[blank_end] yields more [blank_start]energy[blank_end] than fermentation- Amilk
- Bbypass
- Cfermentation
- Dchamber
- Elose
- Fweaning
- Gretain
- Hhydrolysable
- Icarbohydrate
- JhCHO
- Kfermentation
- LhCHO
- Menergy
12Describe Herbivore glucose digestion
• Small intestine is site of [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] absorption (via [blank_start]SGLT1[blank_end])
• [blank_start]SGLT1[blank_end] is regulated by diet
[blank_start]High[blank_end] in young, [blank_start]declines[blank_end] in grazers at weaning
Remains [blank_start]high[blank_end] in browsers- Aglucose
- BSGLT1
- CSGLT1
- DHigh
- Edeclines
- Fhigh
13Describe the different digestive and absorptive functions of the domestic species
Comparative digestion
Carnivores
• [blank_start]No[blank_end] salivary amylase
• [blank_start]High[blank_end] levels of enzymes from [blank_start]stomach[blank_end] / [blank_start]pancreas[blank_end] for proteins & fat
Omnivores
• [blank_start]High[blank_end] levels of salivary amylase
• [blank_start]High[blank_end] levels of enzymes from [blank_start]stomach[blank_end] / [blank_start]pancreas[blank_end] for proteins, fat & carbohydrate- ANo
- BHigh
- CHigh
- Dstomach
- Epancreas
- Fstomach
- Gpancreas
- HHigh
14Comparative digestion
Simple-stomached herbivores
• [blank_start]Moderate[blank_end] levels of enzymes for [blank_start]carbohydrate[blank_end] prior to fermentation in large intestine
• Exploited in feeding concentrate diets high in [blank_start]hCHO[blank_end]
Ruminant herbivores
• [blank_start]Low[blank_end] levels of enzymes for carbohydrate after [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] in fore-stomach
• [blank_start]Moderate[blank_end] levels of enzymes for protein digestion of [blank_start]microbial[blank_end] protein in abomasum / small intestine- AModerate
- Bcarbohydrate
- ChCHO
- DLow
- Efermentation
- FModerate
- Gmicrobial
15Comparative absorption
Carnivores / Omnivores
• [blank_start]Monosaccharides[blank_end] / [blank_start]peptides[blank_end] / [blank_start]monoglycerides[blank_end] & [blank_start]fatty[blank_end] acids absorbed in [blank_start]small intestine[blank_end]
Simple-stomached herbivores
• Monosaccharides / peptides absorbed in [blank_start]small intestine[blank_end]
• [blank_start]VFA[blank_end] absorbed in large intestine
Ruminant herbivores
• VFA absorbed in [blank_start]fore[blank_end]-[blank_start]stomach[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Peptides[blank_end] absorbed in small intestine- AMonosaccharides
- Bmonoglycerides
- Cpeptides
- Dfatty
- Esmall intestine
- Fsmall intestine
- GVFA
- Hfore
- Istomach
- JPeptides
Informações
- Descrição
- GI Quiz sobre GI - Evolutionary adaptations , criado por hanna sayedi em 31-01-2019.
- Autor
- hanna sayedi
- Idioma
- English
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