Chronic kidney disease: causes, symptoms and treatment

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Is a syndrome defined as persistent alterations in kidney

structure, function or both with implications for the health of the individual

Epidemiology

Southeast Asia, some Latin American countries, the prevalence of CKD is 10-16%.

Risk Factors

- people >65 years of age

- is higher in women than in men.

- The most common underlying diseases: diabetes

mellitus and hypertension

Mechanims - Pathophysiology

- Nephron loss

- Nephron hypertrophy

- Fibrosis

- Prematurity and low birth weight

Contributing Factors

1. Prematurity and low birth weihgt

2. Genetic factors

3. Obesity

4. Pregnancy

5. Diabetes

6. Aging

Systemic Complications

● Metabolic acidosis

● Anaemia

● Mineral bone disorder

● Arterial hypertension

● Hyperuricemia.

Non-specific symptoms of these effects include:

● Fatigue

● Anorexia

● Weight loss

● Pruritis

● Nausea

● Vomiting

● Muscle cramping

● Edema.

Diagnosis

The clinical presentation depends on the underlying disorder and the severity of kidney failure.

- Estimation and measurement of glomerular filtration

- Proteinuria measurement

- Biopsy

Treatment

In the initial stages it is important:

● control blood pressure

● Monitor sugar, especially in people with diabetes

● reduce weight

● Control blood lipid levels

● Monitor protein, salt, fluid, potassium, and phosphorus

Helen Franco 7mo B