Flowchart

Chronic kidney disease: causes, symptoms and treatment

Helen Franco English

Flowchart content

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Is a syndrome defined as persistent alterations in kidney
structure, function or both with implications for the health of the individual
Epidemiology
Southeast Asia, some Latin American countries, the prevalence of CKD is 10-16%.
Risk Factors
- people >65 years of age
- is higher in women than in men.
- The most common underlying diseases: diabetes
mellitus and hypertension
Mechanims - Pathophysiology
- Nephron loss
- Nephron hypertrophy
- Fibrosis
- Prematurity and low birth weight
Contributing Factors
1. Prematurity and low birth weihgt
2. Genetic factors
3. Obesity
4. Pregnancy
5. Diabetes
6. Aging
Systemic Complications
● Metabolic acidosis
● Anaemia
● Mineral bone disorder
● Arterial hypertension
● Hyperuricemia.
Non-specific symptoms of these effects include:
● Fatigue
● Anorexia
● Weight loss
● Pruritis
● Nausea
● Vomiting
● Muscle cramping
● Edema.
Diagnosis
The clinical presentation depends on the underlying disorder and the severity of kidney failure.
- Estimation and measurement of glomerular filtration
- Proteinuria measurement
- Biopsy
Treatment
In the initial stages it is important:
● control blood pressure
● Monitor sugar, especially in people with diabetes
● reduce weight
● Control blood lipid levels
● Monitor protein, salt, fluid, potassium, and phosphorus
Helen Franco 7mo B