AS chemistry unit 2 - reactions between functional groups

Alkane

halogenoalkane

Polyalkene

alcohol

Aldehyde

Ketone

Carboxylic acid

Nitrile

Alkene

Ester

free radical substitution

UV/Sunlight,

Cl2

Nucleophilic substitution

NaOH/KOH

Elimination

NaOH & Ethanol heated under reflux

HX

Electrophilic addition

dehydration (elimination)

Conc H2SO4 at 170*C/ gaseous alcohol over heated Al2O3

Hydration (cracking)

reversible reaction, so 300*C, 60-70 atm, phosphoric acid catalyst

1* alcohol only - Oxidation

Distillation with acidified potassium dichromate (aq potassium dichromate & sulfuric acid)

Reflux continuously with K2Cr2O7/H+

2* alcohol only - Oxidation

Reflux with Cr2O7*2-/H+

Other oxidising agent - acidified potassium manganate

Addition Polymerisation

Salt

Neutralisation

Acid + Base -> Salt + Water

Acid + Carbonate -> Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Chemical test- Carbonates & hydrogen carbonates

Esterification

carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester + water

conc H2SO4 (catalyst) & Heat under reflux

Nucleophilic substitution

NaCN/KCN

Heated under reflux

Chemical tests-

Bromine water- Brown to colourless as the Br2 adds to the double bond

Acidified potassium Manganate KMnO4- Purple solution becomes colourless

Chemical test- sodium hydroxide added to release ions. Nitric acid neutralises excess acid. Aqueous silver nitrate added

Catalytic hydrogenation

150*C & Nickel catalyst (platinum not used because of cost

Oxidation

Chlorine - white ppt

Bromine- Cream ppt

Iodine - yellow ppt

Chemixal test to distinguish between different types of alcohol- Potassium dichromate turns from orange to green when oxidised

Primary alcohol - can be oxidised Twice. Alcohol -> Aldehyde -> Carboxylic acidd

Secondary alcohol - oxidised once. Alcohol -> Ketone

Tertiary alcohol - No oxidation