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Phillip Garner US History 10th grade Inglês 45 flashcards

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  1. 1Virginia Company“. . . a corporation of great merchants based in London.”
    After failing to colonize Roanoke, whose land was infertile with scarce land supplies, the English used the Virginia Company to instead settle the Chesapeake, which was easily deemed superior. - page 46
  2. 2JamestownNamed after King James I as a tribute in his honor, Jamestown was settled by colonists who, surrounded by swamps filled with diseased mosquitoes - which in turn made the colonists too sick to take care of their crops - almost starved to death. - page 45
  3. 3Powhatan RelationsPowhatan was an Indian chief with unusual power over the Algonquian speaking Indians, who, although divided into 30 tribes and with an approximately 24,000 headcount, were united beneath this grand chief.
    Powhatan attempted to come together with the colonists in peace, to use them against his enemies. The colonists, however, wanted their land, and refused to acknowledge the Indians’ connection and use to and of the land.
    Powhatan was also the father of Pocahontas. - page 45
  4. 4House of BurgessesThe House of Burgesses is a “representative assembly of colonial Virginia formed in 1619”. - page 1204
    The House of Burgesses “had the power to make laws and raise taxes.” This was important because it “began a strong tradition of representative government in English colonies.” - page 46
  5. 5Bacon's RebellionBacon’s Rebellion was a revolt against William Berkeley, who imposed heavy taxes on farmers and then used this money to reward his favorite compatriots of the high class. - page 48
  6. 6King Philip's WarKing Philip’s War was a great Indian rebellion, named after chief Metacom, known to the colonists as “King Philip”. This rebellion occurred in 1675, thought to be masterminded by Metacom. However, all tribes followed the rule of their individual chiefs. - page 54
  7. 7PuritansThose who followed the teachings of John Calvin were known as Puritans. “They believed that they could prepare for God’s saving grace by leading moral lives, praying devoutly, reading the Bible, and heeding their ministers’ sermons.”
    The first Puritans are those voyagers who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower, and later came to be known as Pilgrims. - page 51
  8. 8PilgrimsThe immigrants that crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower, originally known as Puritans, came to be known as Pilgrims. These Pilgrims, numbering approximately 100 individuals, “made an agreement called the Mayflower Compact” ruling that upon the settlement of Plymouth, they would set upon developing a government and abide by that government’s rules. The government they formed became the seed from which our current government would grow. - page 51
  9. 9Development of Rhode IslandRhode Island was a haven for radical Puritans. In 1636, Roger Williams, a Puritan minister, founded Providence, Rhode Island after fleeing authorities which pursued him because he’d argued that Massachusetts had not done enough to break Anglican ways. - page 52
  10. 10Salem Witch TrialsThe Salem Witch Trials occurred in 1692, in Salem, Massachusetts. Authorities blamed “witches” for sickness and death of children and cattle. “Witches” were identified by their “ill will” towards neighbors. Accusations ceased, however, once they began reaching authority figures and those close to them. - page 52
  11. 11Dutch Settlement of AmsterdamIn 1614, the Dutch founded a settlement at Fort Nassau, which was located on the upper Hudson River. In 1625, they founded New Amsterdam as a guard of the river mouth. - page 55
  12. 12Settlement of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania was founded by William Penn, as repayment for a debt owed by King Charles II of England. - page 57
  13. 13French Settlement in Quebec“To repel rivals, the French built a fortified trading post at Quebec on the St. Lawrence River in 1608. Quebec was the first permanent European settlement in Canada.” - page 41
  14. 14Mercantilism“The policy of mercantilism holds that a nation or an empire could build wealth and power by developing its industries and exporting manufactured goods in exchange for gold and silver.” - page 75
  15. 15Trans-Atlantic Trade (Triangular Trade)Trans-Atlantic Trade was trade between North American colonies, Great Britain, and West Africa. The merchants from these three continents traded in manufactured goods, raw materials, and enslaved Africans. - page 77
  16. 16Middle PassageThe “Middle Passage” was journey which enslaved Africans were forced to take from Africa, across the Atlantic, to America. - page 68
  17. 17The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening was “a time when powerful evangelical preachers traveled from town to town giving emotion-packed sermons that deeply touched listeners.” Those who followed the Great Awakening rejected Enlightenment, that all problems could be solved with reason and logic. - page 78
  18. 18French and Indian WarThe French and Indian War was, despite the name, a war fought between France and Great Britain. Their conflict was over a piece of fertile land, the Ohio River Valley. To deter the Brits from attempting to settle there, France built a fort - which angered Great Britain. George Washington was sent with some troops to defeat a small French force. However, he was forced to retreat when they counterattacked. The French and Indian War, named the Seven Years’ War in Europe, was named the former for France’s alliance with the Indians. - page 86
  19. 191763 Treaty of ParisThe French and Indian War ended with the 1763 Treaty of Paris. Great Britain finished with triumph, retaining Canada, the Great Lakes country, the Ohio River Valley, and Florida. The French was driven from North America. - page 88
  20. 20Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of 1763 stated that settlers were to stay east of the Appalachians, and leave the Indians in peace to their hunting grounds. - page 88
  21. 21Stamp Act“The Stamp Act required colonists to pay a tax on almost all printed materials, including newspapers, books, court documents, contracts, and land deeds.” - page 100
  22. 22Intolerable Acts“American name for the Coercive Acts, which Parliament passed in 1774 to control the colonies.” - page 1205
  23. 23Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"Common Sense took its rise in January 1776, as it convinced many colonists to back the notion of independence. - page 111
  24. 24Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence was a document drafted by Thomas Jefferson stating that the colonies were to secede from Great Britain. - page 112
  25. 25John LockeJohn Locke was a follower of Enlightenment from Great Britain. He “believed that people had natural rights that came from God, and not from monarchs.” Such ideas would later come to have a great effect on American leaders. - page 78
  26. 26French Assistance During the American RevolutionThe French entered the Revolution for the opportunity to battle those who had also wronged them - the English. However, they hadn’t joined until a few years into the war, for their doubt that America could win. It wasn’t until the colonies proved themselves a worthy opponent that the French began fighting alongside them. - page 120
  27. 27Marquis de LafayetteMarquis de Lafayette was a French general. Alongside being an aristocrat and Patriot, he was also a volunteer for the war who provided his military expertise. - page 120
  28. 28George WashingtonGeorge Washington is most commonly known as the first POTUS. He was also a Virginian who started out in the House of Burgesses. Before his election, he led the Continental Army. - page 118
  29. 29Crossing of the Delaware RiverGeneral Washington took his troops across the Delaware River midnight of Christmas, ambushing over 1,000 German mercenaries at the Battle of Trenton. - 119
  30. 30Valley ForgeValley Forge is where Washington and his troops spent the winter months of late 1777 and early 1778, through harsh weather and little food. Around 3,300 of his soldiers reportedly had no coats or boots. He predicted that his army would either starve, disperse, or dissolve. However, their situation improved with meticulous drilling from German volunteer Baron von Steuben. - page 120
  31. 31Battle of YorktownThe Battle of Yorktown was a series of small confrontations leading to one outcome. Expecting reinforcements from New York, General Cornwallis marched to Yorktown, Virginia. What he received instead was an ambush from Marquis de Lafayette and his troops, who trapped Cornwallis’s troops on the peninsula until more French soldiers arrived. A french fleet out at sea prevented enemy reinforcements from arriving. The allied French and American troops forced Cornwallis and his 8,000 men to surrender. - page 125
  32. 32Treaty of Paris, 1783The 1783 Treaty of Paris formally recognized American independence, and granted boundaries to the United States. - page 125
  33. 33Articles of Confederation (Weaknesses)The confederacy was loose, instead of a centralized nation. They were united in name, but not truly united, such as under the government would be. Each state ruled itself. And while it is important to have independence, a certain level of dependence is always needed. - page 136
  34. 34Daniel Shays' RebellionIn retaliation to the heavy taxes imposed by the Massachusetts government, a group of around 1,000 farmers - one of their leaders being Daniel Shays - marched to seize the Springfield Armory and attempt to shut down the courts. Massachusetts responded by raising an army, and marching west to quell what came to be known as Shays’ Rebellion. - page 140 - 141
  35. 35FederalistsFederalists were those who were in favor of the Constitution and against the Articles. They stressed the weakness of the Articles, and argued that only a government based on the Constitution could overcome the difficulties facing the newborn United States. - page 151
  36. 36Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists were those who were in favor of the Articles and against the Constitution. They disliked the lack of a bill of rights, which would be set to provide protection of the people against the overwhelming powers of the government. - page 151
  37. 37Checks & BalancesThe idea that the different branches of government could “check” each other to “balance” their powers. - page 144
  38. 38Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton planned a series of 85 essays titled The Federalist Papers in order to help win the ratification vote in New York. - page 152
  39. 39James MadisonJames Madison wrote 29 of the Federalist Papers while living in New York and serving as a member of the Confederation Congress. Afterwards, he returned to Virginia in the spring of 1788, where he was elected to ratify the Constitution as a participant of the Virginia convention. He also helped in the creation of the Bill of Rights. - 152
  40. 40The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise, led by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, was a compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey plans. It is also known as the Connecticut Compromise. - page 146
  41. 41Separation of PowersThe Separation of Powers split the government into three branches: the Executive Branch, the Judiciary Branch, and the Legislative Branch. Each branch was given specific responsibilities and powers to prevent misuse of powers by a different branch. - page 155
  42. 42Limited Government“In a limited government, the Constitution specifically states what powers the government has. . . Government leaders are not supposed to be above the law.” - page 155
  43. 43Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights was the first ten amendments to the Constitution. The Bill of Rights granted protection to the people from the government. - page 153
  44. 44John AdamsJohn Adams was a Massachusetts lawyer. - 100
    By 1774, he was already convinced that the new country was named America, and that America could defeat the English. - page 105
  45. 45Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion was a revolt against the inane taxes placed on whiskey. However, it quickly dissipated when Hamilton gathered 12,000 men and marched west to the area of trouble. - 195

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10th grade US History FlashCards sobre History Flashcards, criado por Phillip Garner em 26-01-2019.
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Phillip Garner
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