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Flashcards

Ch. 13 Study Guide

Olivia Hagele Earth Science 8th Inglês 119 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (119)

  1. 1Oceanvast bodies of salt water that separate the continents
  2. 2The ocean covers __% of the earth's surface71%
  3. 3The absorbs most of the sun's _____heat
  4. 4The ocean influences the earth's _______weather
  5. 5The ocean make the climate more ______ compared to that of the other planetsuniform
  6. 6Most of the ______ in our atmosphere comes from _______ organisms living in the oceanoxygen; photosynthetic
  7. 7Without oceans, little to ___ life on earth would existno
  8. 8Seaa large section of ocean mostly surrounded by land or islands
  9. 9Gulfsimilar to seas, but usually smaller than seas
  10. 10Baygenerally smaller than gulfs
  11. 11Straitsa narrow ocean passage separating bodies of land
  12. 12Origin of the Earth-Old Earth: Appeared within the first ___ million years of earth's formation500 million years
  13. 13Origin of the Earth-Old Earth: Maybe from ______ impacts that deposited watericy comet
  14. 14Origin of the Earth-Old Earth: Maybe from the early ________solar nebula
  15. 15--FACT--SHAPE CHANGED OVER TIME AS LAND MASSES BECAME SUPER-CONTINENTS AND THEN BROKE APART SEVERAL TIMES. CURRENT POSITIONS AND SHAPES OF OCEANS AND CONTINENTS IS YOUNG AND ALWAYS CHANGING
  16. 16Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: Earth began as a ______ planetwater
  17. 17Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: God created what was probably a single super-continent on the ____ day of creation (Gen. 1:9-10)2nd day
  18. 18Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: Super-continent was _____ apart during a one-year floodwrenched
  19. 19Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: Current _______ and _______ of oceans and continents are the result of the _____positions; shapes; Flood
  20. 20Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: Pre-Flood mountains were probably low _______hills
  21. 21Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: Water weight caused continent to ______ in the middle slightly and subterranean water _______sag; erupted
  22. 22Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: As water began to recede in the middle of the flood, ______ began lifting the continents higher in the mantle (Gen. 7:24)isostasy
  23. 23Water flowed into the _______ ocean ________ driven by a great wind (Gen. 8:1)sinking; basins
  24. 24Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: --FACT--MOUNTAINS, BUILDING SINCE EARLY IN THE FLOOD, BECAME ISLANDS (GEN. 8:4-5)
  25. 25Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: Most mountains today are clearly the results of ______ ________ (fossils on top of mountains) and rapid _______ activityrapid; sedimentation; tectonic
  26. 26Origin of the Earth-Young Earth: ____________ continued to ______ and the denser ________ crust _______continents; rise; ocean; sank
  27. 27Local Sea Levelchanges with tides at a given location
  28. 28Measured with tide ______ along with the shoreline or satellites using radargauges
  29. 29Mean Sea Level (MSL)average height of high and low tides at a location and used to measure elevation
  30. 30Sea Level: MSL changes over _____time
  31. 31--FACT--RIGHT NOW, OCEANS ARE RISING 2.5MM PER YEAR WORLDWIDE. ESTIMATES FOR THE PAST 100 YEARS ARE AN AVERAGE RATE OF 1.8MM PER YEAR. CAUSES MAY BE DUE TO AN INCREASE IN AVERAGE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE
  32. 32Water ________ as it warms and _________ glaciers also add to ocean water volumeexpands; melting
  33. 33Beach Facewet, compact sand or fine pebbles
  34. 34Bermsoft coarse sand or large cobbles
  35. 35Seamountssubmerged volcanoes and hills (most are volcanic)
  36. 36--FACT--100,000 SEAMOUNTS TALLER THAN 1 KM ON THE ABYSSAL PLAINS
  37. 37Many occur in ______, formed as the crust moved over a hot spot; some have flat tops and are called _______chains; guyots
  38. 38Trenchesoccur in seduction zones; the plunging ocean crust is dragged and bent downward, creating a deep notch in the ocean floor; they have a steep slope on the side toward the continental plate and a gentle slope on the seaward side
  39. 39Deepest point in the ocean is the _______ Trench by Guamnarnia
  40. 40It is called the _______ deep and is _______ feet below sea levelchallenger; 35,994
  41. 41Island Arcsvolcanoes from where subducting oceanic crust melts after sliding into the mantle; the hot low density magma rises up, creating volcanoes;
  42. 42When the submarine volcanoes break the ocean surface they form long, curved _______ of island arcsstrings
  43. 43They line the lip of the trench on the side ______ the ______ plateopposite; subducting
  44. 44Coral Reefan underwater ridge
  45. 45In some places reefs emerge and become islands. Reefs forming corals need ______light
  46. 46They depend on _________ _________ for nutrientsphotosynthetic; microorganisms
  47. 47They are often in ______ water near landshallow
  48. 48Those that can _____ their own _____ so they grow in much _____ watercatch; food; deeper
  49. 49Great _____ Reef: covers 1250 miles, _______ in the worldBarrier; largest
  50. 50Atollring of low coral islands and reefs surrounding a central lagoon
  51. 51Atoll formation: two theories Central volcano ______ forming a caldera below sea level and leaving the fringing ring of coral islands behindcollapsed
  52. 52Atoll formation: two theories --FACT--SEA LEVEL SLOWLY ROSE (OR SEA BOTTOM DROPPED) DROWNING THE CENTRAL ISLAND; CORAL REEFS CONTINUED TO GROW UPWARD LEAVING THE RING OF CORAL ISLANDS AND REEFS
  53. 53What so special are seawater (1) _____ element naturally occurring on earth can be found in seawater (2) Seawater contains about __% ____every; 3.5%; salt
  54. 54Water is a _____ moleculepolar
  55. 55--FACT--WATER HAS HYDROGEN BONDING
  56. 56Water demonstrates ______ & ______adhesion; cohesion
  57. 57Water has relatively ____ viscositylow
  58. 58When water is a _____, its polar _____ are constantly moving and bonds are ____liquid; molecules; loose
  59. 59When water is a _____, its polar molecules are tightly _____ and form a solid _____solid; bounded; lattice
  60. 60This lattice is _____ _____ and so solid water (ice) floatsless; dense
  61. 61Water has specific heat capacity it contains _____ gassesdissolved
  62. 62_2, __2, and _2 in atmosphere and sea surfaceO2, CO2, N2
  63. 63Gas _____ happens between the surface and atmosphereexchange
  64. 64_____ water is usually _____ in _2 because of contact with atmosphere and plantssurface; richer; O2
  65. 65The _____ is true for __2 which is more soluble because it combines with water to form H2CO3, a weak _____same; CO2; acid
  66. 66Marine _____ _____ the carbonate ion of this _____ to make CaCO2 shells and skeletons; that allows more CO2 to dissolve in seawaterorganisms; use acid
  67. 67--FACT--DISSOLVE GAS CONCENTRATIONS ARE HIGHER IN COLD WATER AND LOWER IN WARM WATER
  68. 68Water is a _____solvent
  69. 69--FACT--WATER DISSOLVES MORE THINGS THAN ANY OTHER NATURAL SUBSTANCE
  70. 70Good solvent due to _____salts
  71. 71Salt has strong _____ charges and _____ the water molecule, water molecules surround the ions and _____ them apart-dissolving things like a solvention; attracts; pull
  72. 72Only substance on Earth to _____ exist in three states (1) weak hydrogen bonds form between the positive and negative ends of water molecules (2) Solid water molecules pack close together and lock in fixed three dimensional pattern becomes _____ _____ until about 4' C (gets less dense) and expandsnaturally; more; dense
  73. 73When water freezes, it _____ allowing organisms to live underneath. It acts like an _____ to stop freezing all the waterfloats; insulator
  74. 74Oceans contain many _____ elements, including _____, _____, _____, and calciumdissolved; sodium; chlorine; silica
  75. 75Where do these elements come from? One source is _____ _____, which very slowly _____ elements such as calcium from rocks and minerals. The calcium is then carried by rivers into the oceanground water; dissolves
  76. 76Where do these elements come from? Another source is the _____ that erupt, releasing _____ into the oceanvolcanoes; gasses
  77. 77The two _____ abundant dissolved elements are: _____- dissolved in river water that flows into the oceanmost; sodium
  78. 78_____ _____- added by volcanoeschlorine gas
  79. 79When sodium and chloride are combine in seawater, they form a salt called _____halite
  80. 80--FACT--NEARLY 90% OF THE SALT IN SEAWATER IS MADE OF SODIUM AND CHLORINE
  81. 81Every 1,000 L of ocean water contains about 35 L of dissolved salts, or ___%3.5%
  82. 82_____ is a measure of the amount of solids dissolved in seawatersalinity
  83. 83Salt is _____ to ocean water by: _____: on land, rivers carry eroded rock and mineral debris containing salts out to the seaadded; weathering
  84. 84_____ _____: in the deep sea, underwater volcanoes and vents react with sea water and spew lava, rock, and/or mineral debris containing salts into the sea around themseismic activity
  85. 85Salt is _____ from ocean water by... Sea _____: have you seen it on your sunglasses after a day at the beach?added; spray
  86. 86Sediment _____: as sediment falls to the seafloor, sometimes it binds to minerals in the water around it or just gets burieddeposits
  87. 87Biological _____: through the processes associated with life, marine animals and plants sometimes take in salts from the water around themactivity
  88. 88Salt composition: Salinity is the total _____ salt in seawaterdissolved
  89. 89Salt composition: Sodium chloride accounts for ___% of all dissolved solids85%
  90. 90Salt composition: _____ in salinity result from removal (_____) and addition (_____) of waterevaporation; precipitation
  91. 91Salt composition: _____ ocean water can be done in several ways. In one method, salt water is _____ and the steam is piped into a container where it cools. As the steam forms, the _____ are _____ behind and fresh water is produceddesalting; boiled; salts; left
  92. 92In another method, permeable _____ and an _____ current are used to _____ the salt from the water. The membranes allow only negative ions to pass.membranes; electric; separate
  93. 93--FACT--THE ELECTRIC CURRENT SEPARATES THE IONS TO PRODUCE FRESH WATER
  94. 94In a third method of desalination, ocean water is _____. The salt crystals are separated from the ice crystals by washing the salt from ice with fresh water.frozen
  95. 95Saltwater _____ at _____ temperatures than pure water (water with a 3.5% salinity freezes at -1.8' C or 28.9' F)freezes; colder
  96. 96The water _____ in saltwater have a _____ time _____ the salt _____ out of the way before locking into an ice crystal latticemolecules; hard; shoving; ions
  97. 97The _____ it is the _____ is has to be to _____saltier; colder; freeze
  98. 98Density:mass in a given volume...
  99. 99_____ is 1.028 g/cubic cm so it is ~ 3% denser than _____ waterseawater; denser; pure water (fresh water)
  100. 100-FACT--DENSITY INCREASES WITH GREATER SALINITY
  101. 101--FACT--WATER DENSITY IS CONTROLLED MORE BY TEMPERATURE THAN SALINITY
  102. 102_____ and more _____ on the _____ ad warmer less dense on topcold; dense; bottom
  103. 103--FACT--SURFACE LAYER 100-200M THICK MIXED BY WIND, WAVES AND CURRENT
  104. 104Sometimes in summer and spring in temperatures and polar waters sharp transition to cooler water (called _______) noticed by divers {below 1500m typically less then 4' C}theromoclines
  105. 105Three-layered structure: _____ layer: different with different latitudessurface
  106. 106Three-layered structure: _____ zone: between surface layer and deep zone, Thermocline--where temperature changes significantlytransition
  107. 107_____ zone: sunlight never reaches this zone, temperatures are just a few degrees above freezing, constant high-density waterdeep
  108. 108_____ occurs when _____ layers become more _____ and _____down-swelling; top; dense; sink
  109. 109The _____ water _____ and _____ with deeper water (overturn)sinking; displaces; mixes
  110. 110On _____, organisms are under __ atm at sea levelland; 1 atm
  111. 111With every ___ atm increase depth _____ atm is added10 atm; another
  112. 112As _____ _____, gasses are _____atms; increase; compressed
  113. 113--FACT--ORGANISMS HAVE AIR BLADDERS, FLOATS AND LUNGS THAT SHRINK AND COLLAPSE
  114. 114Most life in oceans depends on sunlight: _____ are producers who _____ light energy to make foodautotrophs; capture
  115. 115Light: Some _____ of light are _____ at shallower depths than otherswavelengths; absorbed
  116. 116Light: Open ocean: _____ penetrates deepestblue
  117. 117Light: Plants living at different depths have different pigments to help them _____ different wavelengths of lightabsorb
  118. 118Sun reaching the oceans' surface may be: (1) _____ back to atmosphere (2) _____ - taken up by water, converted to heatreflected; absorbed
  119. 119--FACT--Sun reaching the oceans' surface may be:
    -most absorbed in first meter of depth (65%)
    - <1 of light makes it past 100m
    -So autotrophs must be near surface

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8th Earth Science FlashCards sobre Ch. 13 Study Guide, criado por Olivia Hagele em 15-02-2016.
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Olivia Hagele
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