Flashcards
population
Flashcards do conjunto (115)
- 1BIRTH RATEthe number of live births per 1000 people per year
- 2DEATH RATEthe number of deaths per 1000 per year
- 3FERTILITY RATE- the average number of children a women will have between the ages of 15-44
- 4INFANT MORTALITY RATE- the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 expressed per 1000 live births
- 5LIFE EXPECTANCY (LONGEVITY)- the average number pf years from birth that a person can be expected to live
- 6MIGRATION RATE- difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants per 1000 of population
- 7POPULATION DENSITY- the number of people per square kilometre
- it is the total population of an area divided by the size of the area in km*2 - 8NATURAL INCREASE/DECREASE- birth rate - death rate + - migration
- 9MIGRATION- movement of people between or within countries
- 10IMMIGRATION- Movement of people into a country
- 11EMIGRATION- movement of people out of a country
- 12REFUGEES- a person unable to return to their homeland for fear of persecution
- 13ASYLUM SEEKERS- the formal application by a refugee to reside in a country when they arrive in that country originally as a refugee, but decided to become a citizen
- 14SHENGEN COUNTRIES- countries which allow free movement of people ( France Switzerland)
- 15OVER POPULATION- to many people and not enough resources
- 16OPTIMUM POPULATION- Population matches resources
- 17UNDER POPULATION- more resources but less people
- 18SUSTAINABILITY- Meeting the needs of people today without damaging it for the future generation
- 19world population growth (3)- In 1999, the world’s population was around 6 billion.
- Natural increase was highest in 1960 at 2.2%, yet since then, falling birth rates have reduced the natural increase to 1.2%
- It is estimated the world population will be around 9 billion by 2050, with zero growth not occurring until the end of the century - 20causes of population growth (5)HEALTH CARE
- the control of disease, birth control measures, infant mortality rates, diet and malnutrition, the numbers of doctors and nurses, sanitation
EDUCATION:
- health education
- the age at which compulsory schooling finishes
-females in education
-levels of tertiary education
-literacy levels.
SOCIAL PROVISION
- levels of care for the elderly
-clean water supply.
CULTURAL FACTORS:
- religious attitudes to birth control
-status gain from having children
-the role of women in society
POLITICAL FACTORS
- taxation to support services
- strength of the economy
- impact of war and conflicts
-access to healthcare and contraception
All countries and regions of the world are dynamic and changing. They develop both economically and socially and this affects population change over time. - 21CENSUS' - what is is used for? 1) at a national government level- Records trends over the previous 10 years which can be projected forward to enable planning in a range of social services
1) Helps for predictions of natural population change and migration patterns
2) Enables the estimation of national housing demands and the planning for national transport demands
3) Snapshot of diversity of the country - 22CENSUS' - what is is used for? 2) for businesses and commerce- Can be linked to there data sources, such as credit card data to provide info on regional lifestyle
- Enables targeted marketing based on postcode areas
- Enables retailers to invest in optimum locations where spending power is highest
- allows firms to target goods to stores according to the profile of the population - 23CHANGES IN POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 1) fertility factsThe global fertility rate is 2.12 which varies at the country level
In MEDCs, fertility rates tend to be lower than 2.1, such as Germany’s is at 1.3
In LEDCs, fertility rates tend to be much higher, such as Nigeria’s which is 6.2 - 24CHANGES IN POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 1) fertility,why does fertility vary?? DEATH RATE* the relationship with DEATH RATE*
-> In countries in the SSA have high fertility rate because the death rate is also high. Study shows that women must have a average 8/9 children to be 95% certain for a surviving adult son.
-> However in more developed continents such as Europe the average is about 2.
-> Improvements in healthcare, sanitations and diet have led to decrease in infant mortality and so reduces the needs for large numbers of children as forms of security in the future. - 25CHANGES IN POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 1) fertility,why does fertility vary?? TRADITION* TRADITION*
-> Tradition demands high rates of reproduction.
-> Intense cultural expectations may override the wishes of a women - 26CHANGES IN POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 1) fertility,why does fertility vary?? EDUCATION*EDUCATION* for women
-> particularly female literacy, is a key to lower fertility.
-> Education = knowledge of birth control/safe sex and more inspired to get a job and succeed
->Contraceptive use is becoming more wide spread in developing countries to help women avoid unwanted pregnancies. - 27CHANGES IN POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 1) fertility,why does fertility vary?? AGE STRUCTURE* young AGE STRUCTURE*
-> If there is a large proportion of young people, even if the fertility rate is declining there will still be a pop growth, this is because the young bulge is about to move through the child bearing years.
-> Bolivia, 39% young people - 28CHANGES IN POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 1) fertility,why does fertility vary?? SOCAIL CLASS* SOCIAL CLASS*
-> Decreases from lower to higher - 29CHANGES IN POPULATIO CHARACTERISTICS 1) fertility,why does fertility vary?? RELIGION*RELIGION*
-> Some religion oppose the use of artificial birth control - 30CHANGES IN POPULATIO CHARACTERISTICS 1) fertility,why does fertility vary?? ECONOMIC FACTORS*ECONOMIC FACTORS*
-> In less developed countries, where children are an economic asset.
-> They are viewed as producers and not consumers.
-> In developed countries it is reversed, education costs lots of money - 31Population growth in the less developed world-> The average growth rate in the less developed excluding China is 1.8%
-> Birth rates have started to decline
-> Fertility rate is decreasing, in india it had decreased by 50% in the last 30 years - 32Population growth in the more developed world-> Pop growth has been slow for a severe decades
-> Some countries, the pop is starting to decrease (Italy,Japan)
-> In some countries the gov has got involved to increase the fertility rate
-> For example in Japan the gov has decided to spend £50million on encouraging people to have children
-> In europe they have put in incentives to increase birth rate. - 33mortality why do they vary? -> infant mortality*INFANT MORTALITY*
-> IM is a rime indicator for socioeconomic development
-> Areas with high infant mortality will usually have high mortality overall
-> but IM is decreasing globally - 34mortality why do they vary? -> medical infrastructure*areas with high levels of MEDICAL INFRASTRUCTURE*
-> usually has low levels of mortality - 35mortality why do they vary ->economic development*ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT*
-> Life expectancy is higher in countries with higher levels of economic development.
-> Poverty, poor nutrition and a lack of clean water and sanitation = increase mortality
-> Worldwide only 58% of pop has access to improved sanitation facilities - 36the DTM what is it-> describes how the pop of a country changes over time.
- 37DTM, stage1HIGH FLUCTUATING
-> high birth and death rate, both of which fluctuates
-> small pop growth
Reasons for high death rate:
- poor nutrition and famine
-poor levels of hygiene
-undeveloped health facilities
reasons for high birth rate:
- limited birth control
- high infant mortality rate, encourages to have more children
- children are a future source of income
E.g indigigenous tribe in Brazil - 38DTM, stage2EARLY EXPANDING
-> high birth rate and falling death rate
-> pop begins to expand rapidly
Reasons for falling death rate
- improved public health
- better nutrition
-improved medical provision
E.g Afganistan - 39DTM, stage 3LATE EXPNADING
-> falling birth rate and continuing fall in death rate
->pop growth starts to slow down
reasons for falling birthrate:
- greater access to education for women
- increased personal wealth
- the availability of family planning schemes which are usually supported by the gov
- compulsory scholing turning children from providers to consumers
- changing social trends
E.g India - 40DTM, stage 4LOW FLUCTUATING
-> low birth and death rate both of which fluctuates
->pop growth is small and decrease in fertility
Here there are significant changes I'm regional lifestyles, more women in the workforce with many people having high personal incomes and more leisure interests.
E.g uK - 41DTM, stage 5DECLINE
-> death rate slightly exceeds birth rate
-> pop declines :0
reasons for low br
- greater financial independence of women
- increase in non- traditional lifestyle (same sex marriage)
- rise in concept of childless
e.g Japan, Italy - 42advantages of DTM- It is universal in concept – it can be easily and reliably applied to all countries in the world
-It is easy to understand and offers a good, clear description of general trends
- It enables demographic comparisons to be made between countries. - 43disadvantages- The original model did not include the fifth stage
- It is Eurocentric which means it assumes that all countries in the world follow the European sequence of socioeconomic changes. It is therefore not relevant to non-industrialising countries, or newly industrialising countries
-It does not include the impact of migration
- The model assumes that stage 2 followed industrialisation. In many countries, this has not been the case as other factors have led to the decline of death rates. - 44DTM Application: the UK case studySTAGE 1
- 1780
- medieval time
- high infant mortality due to lack of sanitation
- high mortality to diseases
STAGE 2
- 1780-1880
- It occurred as a result of technological advancement with the Industrial Revolution during the 18th Century and led to social and economic change.
- Birth rates remained high though as children were a source of income within the factories.
STAGE 3
-1880-1940
-death rate decreases because of trade for fruit and veg
Medical advancements in surgery after 1875 saw the availability of anaesthesia
-birth rate was largely affected by a change in attitudes towards contraceptio
4
- The birth rate generally continued to decline during stage 4 due to rising availability of education for women
- exception after war more women had
- Vaccines are available to prevent diseases
-Health care has continued to advance and the UK has a good, free NHS system to provide treatment in the prevention of disease. - 45migration what is it and what is net migration?Migration is a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people. Migration is either emigration or immigration
Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in an area.If the immigrants exceed the emigrants = net migrational gain. If the emigrants exceed the immigrants = net migrational loss. - 46migration can be put in to categories (5)- SCALE, international, regional, local
-DIRECTION, Rural-urban, urban-rural, urban-urban, MEDW to LEDW, LEDW to MEDW.
- DISTANCE – long distance, short distance, regional
-DECISION MAKING – forced (e.g. for political safety – hazards), voluntary (e.g. for work or retirement)
- CAUSE OF MOVEMENT – economic, social, environmental - 47PUSH factors of migration- Push factors are the things which make people want to leave a place
-> Natural disaster (Montserrat)
-> Low income (Poland)
-> Politcal/social unrest (Iraq)
->Housing shortages (India)
-> High unemployment (Phillipines) - 48PULL factors of migration- Pull factors are the things which make people want to move to a place.
-> Educational opportunities (Norway)
-> Better healthcare (UK)
-> High standard of living (Italy)
-> Improved housing (France)
-> Better wages - 49migration is also affected by OBSTACLES & OPPORTUNITIESOBSTACLES (things that is making migration more difficult)
-> Cost of moving
OPPOTUNITIES, these a re opportunities that an individual encounter that means they stop before they their intended destination e.g a person moving from Poland to Ireland may stop in London because there are many jobs available there - 50(Polish) migration - background- 1 april 2004 poland joined the Eu which allowed free movement
- July 2006, 260,000 came from Poland - 51effects on the country of origin (poland) - social, positives (3)- The population density is reduced and the birth rate decrease, which will relieve population pressure and strain on resources as it is generally the younger adults who migrate.
- Remittances sent home to families by economic migrants can finance improved education and health facilities
- Returning retired migrants increase social expectations in the community, for example, the demand for better leisure facilities - 52effects on the country of origin (poland) - social, negatives- Mainly males migrate causing a disproportional ratio of males to females and loss of cultural leadership and tradition
- The non-return of migrants causes an imbalance on the population pyramid
- Family separation may cause family structures to break down
- When aware of the benefits of migration the same generation tends to leave, this has an harmful effect on social structure. - 53effects on the country of origin (poland) - economic, positives (4)- Reduced under-employment in the home country
- Returning migrants bring new skills to the country, which may help to revitalise the home economy
- Many migrants send remittances home and much of this money is reinvested in the some economy in projects such as new buildings and services
-There is less pressure on resources in the area, including basic supplies such as food essential services such as healthcare - 54effects on the country of origin (poland) - economic, negatives- The loss of young adult labour force
- The loss of the most highly skilled, which may slow economic development (‘brain drain’ phenomenon)
- Regions where-out migration takes place may suffer from a spiral decline that is difficult to halt - 55effects on the country of origin (poland) - political, positives- Led to a strain on government funding on businesses etc
- More focus on the elderly generation due to reduction in economically active - 56effects on the country of origin (poland) - political, negatives- Loss of tax contributions from economically active
- Need for policies to encourage natural increase
- Policies to encourage immigration to counteract the outflow
- Requests for international aid - 57population structure what is it?- It is the number or % of males and females in different age groups within a population
- The pyramid can be divided into:
-> Young dependents (0-15 years)
-> Economically active (16-65 years)
-> Elderly dependents (65+ years) - 58Population pyramids have been linked to the DTMSTAGE 1
- wide base and narrow top
- because high birth rate and high death rate
- low life expectancy
(teepee)
STAGE 2
- wide base, narrow top but not as narrow as stage 1
- high birth rate but a fall in death rate
- slightly longer life expectancy
STAGE 3
- base is not as wide and top
- declined birth rate and low death rate
- people living to old age
STAGE 4
- width of base and top is similar
- low birth rate and low death rate
- higher dependency ratio
-higher life expectancy
STAGE 5
-base is narrower than the top
- death rate is higher than birth rate
- top heavy pyramid - 59What a population pyramid can indicate...Base – indicates birth/fertility rate
Apex – indicates death rate and ageing population
Height – Indicates life expectancy and if over time, longevity
Sides – indicates death rates or migration rates, especially if economically active
Indentation at base – indicates infant mortality - 60how internal migration changes population structure- Internal migration from rural areas to urban areas often affects the number of young adults (working an d reproductive age)
- They move away from the country sides into cities to find jobs.
- called Rural-urban migration.
- Can also affect birth rate as the migrants are of reproductive age - 61emigration away from countries at a later DTM- It decreases the population of the country they've left
- E.g elderly people in the UK retiring and emigrating to other countries. This reduces the number elderly in UK but increases it in the destination country - 62Immigration into countries at later DTM stages-Immigration from a LEDC to an MEDC increases the population of people of working and reproductive age.
- 63balance between population and resources (UK) - facts- Average male life expectancy at 65 which rose from, 12 years in 1950. This will increase further to 21 yrs in 2030 and 21.7 by 2050.
-Fertility rate will increase from 1.7 to 1.75 by 2025
-Life expectancy is influenced by socioeconomic class and ethnic group.
-> Men in social class 1 have 4 years longer LE than men in social class 5 - 64ageing and health - affect on resources- An ageing population places increasing pressure on health resources.
- 65ageing and pensions - problems - how to solve - what would be the public responses to these solutions- The state pension system transfers resources from the current generations of workers to the current generation of pensioners.
-> As pop has aged the level of resource transfer requirments has increased.
-> System cannot be sustained in the future without significant change.
four options have been suggested:
-> Pensioners become poorer relative to the rest of the society
-> Taxes and National Insurance contributions devoted to pensions increase
-> retirement age increases
-> How long individuals save for retirement increases
Public responses to these options will feature in political debates:
-> Voting power increases, so the needs for the elderly cannot be ignored by those in power
-> Power of the grey pounds also increasing, this is beneficial to companies that specialise in providing goods to the older. - 66ageing and housing- As number elderly people and the age to to which they live increases, so some degree of segregation has taken place, particularly in terms of housing.
segregation based on age has manifested itself in a number of ways in towns in the UK
-> On council estates it is common to see clusters off purpose-built bungalows occupying one small part/parts of the state. This type of housing is provided in the belief that it is best for them to live in the community for as long as they are fit enough. Usually have friends and relatives living locally and they are integrated into social functions such as the church/social club
-> More recent provision has been sheltered accommodation- complex of flats or units with some shared facilities, overseen by a warden
-> Nursing homes have been increasing in order to cater for the growing number of elderly people who have difficulty looking after themselves. Some of the most financially successful nursing homes are located on a main road in a town so as to facilitate the arrival of ambulances - 67the ageing population - social impacts1) INCREASED PRESSURE ON PUBLIC SERVICES
- greater demand for services like hospitals and hospices.
- For people are needed to care for the elderly, so more carers and nurses will need training.
- Also more people will be unpaid careers (family members), putting pressure on them socially and financially.
2) UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF OLDER PEOPLE
- E.g Eastbourne in the UK is a resort with high proportion of retired,older people. Areas like this may have inadequate facilities for young people (bars/ youth clubs)
3) REDUCED POPULATION GROWTH OR POPULATIN DECLINE
-The working population may have fewer children as the already have older dependants = reduction in birth rate
4) LONGER WORKING LIFE
- The state pension is low because s many retired people. Often not enough to support people in their retirement so many have to work beyond normal retirement age (to build up a personal saving - 68the ageing population - economic1) REDUCED WORK FORCE
- A smaller proportion of the population is working, may slow economic growth
2) INCREASED TAXES
- pensions and services are paid for by taxes. More elderly = more claiming pensions could mean higher taxes for working people
3) SPENDING
- the elderly have savings and pensions to spend (grey pound) - 69managing ageing population1) ENCOURIGING LARGER FAMILIES
- e,g The Swedish gov makes having children more manageable by giving both parents 18 months paid leave.
- encouraging larger families should result in a larger working pop when children grow up = more ppl paying tax = better pensions for elderly
2) RAISING RETIREMENT AGE
- the working population is made larger, so more people contribute to the state pension fund and personal pensions for longer. People will claim the pension for less time.
3) ENCOURIGING THE IMMIGRATION OF WOKRING AGE PEOPLE
- e.g in Japan, they have had an increase of foreign workers and there are not enough working age Japanese people to fill the job. Increase in working age = more taxes paid
4) INCREASING HEALTHCARE PROVISIONS
- This doesn't manage the population change but it could help ease the problem of poor health in the elderly - 70ageing population case study UK HAS AN AGEING POP- 2005, 16% was 65+
- expected to rise to 25% in 2020
WHY?
-> INCREASING LIFE EXPECTANCY
- between 1980- 2006 LE rose 2.8 yrs for women and 4 for men
- currently 81 for women and 77 for men
->BABY BOOMERS
- lots of babies were born in 1940's and 60's , this generation will soon be retiring
-> FALLING BIRTH RATE
- for people wanting to go into professions
LATER MARRIAGE
-> people getting married later = have fewer children - 71ECONOMIC PROBLEMS (4)- PRESSURE ON THE PENSION SYSTEM
-> not enough people paying taxed to cover the state pension
-> Today 60% of the pop pay tax which cover the 19% retired people
-> By 2030, only 56% of pop will pay tax which goes towards the 27% pop of retirement age
- The elderly needs different types of housing (plug sockets may have to be raised, bungalows)
- Gov provides free bus pass' for the over 60's costs £1billion a year
- Pressure on health care
-> eye operations and hip replacements costs the
NHS lots of money - 72SOCIAL PROBLEMS- MORE ELDERLY LIVING IN POVERTY
-> state pension is low, and many do not have personal pensions
-SOCIAL ISOLATION
->many elderly people living on there own
can be very lonely
- Loss of relationship with family if you are losing memory - cause distress to not only yourself but others (loss of social interaction) - 73strategies aim to manage ageing population1) Age of retirement age has been increased- retirement age in the UK is 65 for men and 60 for women but will rise to 68 for everyone by 2050. Increase retirement age = increase size of working pop
2) ENCOURAGING IMMIGRATION OF WORKING AGE PEOPLE - the UK has allowed unlimited immigration of people from countries who joined the EU in 2004, e.g Poland. In 2004 around 80% of immigrants that came to the UK from the EU countries were 34 or under. This massively increased the working pop
3) ENCOURAGING MORE WOMEN TO HAVE CHILDREN - UK pension proposals mean women won't lose out on state pensions if they take a career breaks to have children. This could encourage women to have children.
- Working family tax credits support women and men who go back to work once their children are born, which might also encourage more couples to have children. - 74strategies need to work towards sustainable development1) INCREASING RETIREMENT AGE
-> helps towards sustainable development because it doesn't increase the population, but it might mean more jobs are needed as people work for longer.
2) allowing immigration
-> only sustainable if needs of the new people are met in a sustainable way. E.g meeting the increased energy demand by increasing energy production from renewable sources, building new energy efficient homes with good insulation and natural heating g system
3) encouraging more children - this could increase pop so similar to immigration - 75youthful population social impacts (3)1) INCREASED PRESSURE ON PUBLIC SERVICES - greater demand for services like school and childcare
2) RAPID POP GROWTH
- the large numbers of children grow up and have families too, increasing the population. This may lead to overpopulation if there aren't enough resources to cope with the number of people
3) LACK OF EDUCATIONAL GOOD
- lack of toilet facilities and educational books - 76youthful population economic impacts1) TOO FEW JOBS
- Not enough jobs available when they grow up. More unemployment means more people are dependent on government support
2) INCREASED POVERTY
- more young people are born into families that are already poor, so there are more people in poverty. Some children may have to work to help support their larger family, so can't go t school, which means they can't break out of poverty - 77strategies to manage youthful population1) CONTROLLING BIRTH RATE
- some countries may introduce policies to slow growth, for example the child policy in China have prevented 300 million births
2) LIMITING THE IMMIGRATION OF YOUNGER PEOPLE
- limiting the number of immigrants of reproductive age would mean birth rates aren't made any higher by immigrants having children
3) ENCOURAGING FAMILY PLANNING AND USE OF CONTRACEPTION
- gov can offer sex education and free contraception, allowing couples to plan and limit the number of children they have.
4) INCREASING CHILDCARE PROVISION
- countries can invest in more and better childcare so parents can work instead of caring for children. This doesn't manage the population change, but helps to fares some of the problems caused by younger population - 78youthful population case study GAMIBIA- In smallest african country, west Africa
- Fertility rate is 5 per women
- Birthrate is 43 per 1000
- Infant mortality rate 50 per 1000
- Life expectancy ; 58 for women and 55 for men - 79PROBLEMS- Financial problems – not having enough money to feed and support the growing family. Malnutrition is common.
- Homes often don’t have electricity and are overcrowded.
Sanitation is very poor.
- Desertification of the forests, people use the wood for fires housing and selling. The land left ends up as desert therefore making the temperature rise.
- Not enough education, there is a shortage of toilet facilities and educational material, often schools adopted a 2 shift system some children educated in the morning and some later in the day. Teachers are poorly paid and can work up to 12 hours a day.
- 1 in 3 14 year olds have to work to help support the family. - 80management- Contraception
->There are now awareness campaigns and radio adverts explaining about contraceptives. An NGO called Futures is helping to address the problem by delivering very cheap contraception which is subsidised by the World Health Organisation. Due to this programme the population growth rate has dropped from 4.2% to 3%.
- Health
->To reduce the infant mortality rate funding from Canada is used to provide free vaccination for children. Improved maternity care helps the mothers to survive. Parents are encouraged to space out the births so that mother has enough time to recover.
- Managing Resources
->The German government are funding a forest management scheme. The plan is to plant new forests and educate the population on how to look after and use the forests.
- Education
->More and more children are attending school - 81how are the strategies sustainable?1) CONTRACEPTION
- it is sustainable because if everyone can understand the importance of this then they will pass the information onto their children
2) HEALTH
- by reducing the spread of fades it relieves pressure on the health care system which frees up money to be used elsewhere e.g in developing sustainable irrigation techniques for rural farming communities
3) MANAGING RESOURCES
- after knowledge gained from these schemes this info can be passed on down the generation
4) EDUCATION
- if more people become educated their lifestyle will change and when they know the importance of education they will want to be able to provide this to their children so may have less - 82ROLES OF NGO'SConcern Universal
- Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS
Peace building and cross border exchanges sharing experiences and ideas
United Nations Population fund
To improve reproductive health
Promote gender equality
All women to have access to contraception
GambiaHELP
Work with communities to identify and solve health problems
Improve primary educationd - 83population policies anti-natalist- these are policies that aim to tackle population growth
- CHINAS ONE CHILD POLICY
- 1950-59, gov encouraged people to have children. In 59, serious famine caused 20 mill deaths
- 1960-73, after famine the population increased again by 55 million
- *1979* one child policy was introduced - 84MAIN FEATURES-> Couples must apply for a certificate before they have a baby
-> gov will provide housing, education, food, health care and longer maternity leave if you follow the rule
however.. if pregnant 2nd time
-> Forced to abort
-> Offered sterilisation
-> Massive fine, which could easily bunkrpt you.
-> Granny police were there to spy - 85RECENT CHANGES- In rural areas if the first child was a girl then were allowed to try for a boy
- If child is disabled then can have another
- If both parents are single child then can have 2
- 2015, two child policy, to keep the population increase at 0.5% - 86advantages- Never suffered from a famine since policy was put in place
- 300/400 million fewer births
- Fewer rescued are needed
-> Fertility rates have significantly dropped from 5.7 (1979) to 1.8 (2010) - 87disadvantages- Being forced to have an abortion is against human rights
- Gender imbalance 120:100
- Lonely children but also spoilt - 88PRO-NATALIST- Policies to increase pop for economic and political reasons
SINGAPORE
- in 1980's, gov aims to increase pop via natural increase and immigration
- Females graduates were encouraged to have 3 children and were offered incentives to do so (places at best school, better housing, 4 year maternity leave, subsidised child care) - 89why did it occur- Low birth rate
- Low working pop so suffers from ageing pop
- issue arisen by:
- people wanting education and a better standard of living
- pursue careers
- therefore have less or no children
- carrer and a later marriage is a norm - 90recent changes-campaigns to promote marriage ad parenthood
- longer lunch hours
- love boats
- matchmaking agency for A level students - 91TRANSMIGRATION- this is the moving people from over populated to less populated areas
INDONESIA
- One of the fastest growing populations in the world 240 million
- Uneven distribution of population (130m in java)
- Huge social,economic, and enviro problems caused by uneven distribution (lack of housing,services,poverty and unemployment) - 92features*1980*
3 aims
- It was to move millions of Indonesians from densely populated (java, bali) to less populated -> in addition a house, farming plot were provided and basic infrastructure and a living allowance
- To reduce poverty for landless settlers to generate income
- Better use of outer islands - 93BACKFLASH/CRITICISMThe expansion of the programme alerted environmental and human rights critics both inside and outside Indonesia, who exposed transmigration as developmental fraud and an environmental disaster.
-> The outer islands contain 10% of the worlds remaining rainforest and transmigration led to the loss of this
-> Resettlement costed $7000, programme was an economic disaster which increased Indonesia's debt
-> Failed to reach goal, this policy led to the redistributed poverty. Most were worse off in new locations because of inadequate planning and site planning, poor access to markets and neglect of soil and water necessary for a sucessful agricultural economy
-> Caused enviro issue, soil erosion and deforestation - 94urban and rural areas have different characteristics -> HOUSINGINNER CITY
- High density terraced housing built in the 19th century.
- High rise blocks of flats built in the 60's
- Old warehouses may have been redeveloped into luxury apartments
SUBURBS
- mix of 20th century detached and semi-detached houses with gardens
- More things will be council owned
- further out properties will be privately owned and larger, with gardens and driveways
RURAL/URBAN FRINGE
-Low density, high quality private housing. - May also be higher density outer city council estates
RURAL AREA
- Larger privately owned housing and new estates with privately owned houses.
- Houses may be on cul-de-sacs - 95urban and rural areas have different characteristics - ethnicityINNER CITY
- High proportion of ethnic minorities
RURAL AREA
- Majority are white - 96urban and rural areas have different characteristics - AGE-STRUCTUREINNER CITY
- More young people (students)
SUBURBS
- Mostly families with children
RURAL/URBAN FRINGE
- Mostly families with children.
- More elderly people
RURAL AREA
- Lots of elderly - 97urban and rural areas have different characteristics WealthINNER CITY
- Poorest sections of the urban population tend to live here. You also get more wealthy people living in the re-developed areas
-> wealth will increase as you move out of the city
RURAL AREA
- Wealthiest residents who've moved out of the city. Usually retired residents
- Maybe some less wealthier regional residents - 98urban and rural areas have different characteristics employmentINNER CITY
- high proportion of students that have part time jobs.
- Some young professionals living in redeveloped areas
employment in tertiary, sector increases
RURAL AREA
- high proportions of workers in professional and manageable sectors ( doctors and lawyers), Also some agriculture workers - 99urban and rural areas have different characteristics PROVISION OF SERVICESINNER CITY
- Industrial sites and urban decay but also very close to the city centre so lots of shops and services
SUBURBS
- some local shopping parades
- Good transport into the city
- Good public services
RURAL/URBAN FRINGE
- The location for out of town shopping complexes,airports and recreational facilities such as golf courses
RURAL AREA
- Village shops may have closed as more residents shop in urban areas on their commute to work. Lack of public transport - 100SOCIAL WELFARE in different areas. enviro- ENVIRONTMENTAL
1) Old, poor quality housing often in a state of disrepair, creates a poor living environment in the inner city
2) Graffiti and vandalism levels are highest in the inner city, where there may be many empty and derelict buildings. Vandalism can also be high in suburbs where there's a larger pop of children and teenagers
3)Air pollution is highest in the inner city due to remaining industrial sites and the high volume of traffic. - 101SOCIAL WELFARE in different areas. social1) There can be tensions between people of different ethnicities in the inner city because of the higher proportion of ethnic minorities. This can occur in rural areas too if larger numbers of immigrants move there
2) Crime rate is high in the inner city - possibly due to the high rates of unemployment and poverty in this area. There are often poor relationships between the police and the community. Crime rates tend to fall as you move away from inner city
3) Rural areas can also experience social problems, e.g a lack of public transport services can isolate people, particularly the elderly and out migration can lead to the closure of services like shops and post offices - 102SOCIAL WELFARE in different areas. economic1) Industrial decline and lack of investment can lead to high levels of unemployment in the inner city. Although employment levels are generally higher as you move away from the inner city there is increasing unemployment in rural areas because of agricultural decline.
2) Poverty is higher in the inner city. Thus can lead to higher deaths rates and poorer general health due to poor nutrition, poor education and a lack of access to services - 103population change and migration have affected urban and rural areas -> HOUSING1) IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES,
most migrants occupy the cheaper rundown areas of housing in urban area such as those found in the inner city.
2) In developING countries, rural-urban migration has resulted in the growth of shanty towns - unplanned and often illegal settlements usually on the outskirts of the urban area where people build their own home out of whatever they can find, also limited services such as clean water and power. - 104ETHINICITY1) High numbers of immigrants can change the character of areas by bringing their existing culture and customs with them. If they fail to integrate into the existing community, then ghettos may form - areas of cities where members of an ethnic minority group live, segregated from the rest of the city
2) Although mosts immigrants move to urban areas, some move rural area seeking work in agriculture. This can have a greater impact on the character of small rural villages than it does on a large city, especially if all the migrants are from one country. E.g Polish workers moving to the UK countryside might open Polish shops and cafes in small villages, which may have few shops for the original residents already - 105age structure1) in developed countries, rural areas have increasingly ageing populations due to the out-migration of younger people and inward migration of retired people.
2) The provision of services will be affected by this changing age structure, e.g. in rural areas schools may close due to reduced demand, whilst there may be increased demand for services for the elderly. e.g nursing homes - 106wealth1) In developed countries, increasing numbers of second-home owners and commuters increase the wealth of rural areas. This leads to rising house prices, which can force younger residents to leave as they can't afford housing
2) As young wealthy professionals move to redeveloped urban areas they increase the wealth there. This can improve inner city areas, but can also mean younger original residents can't afford to buy houses there - 107emolyment1) Unemployment will increase if many people move to urban areas without there being enough jobs available
2) This is a big problem in developing countries as there's often a very high rate of rural-urban migration for work
3) In rural areas, the large number of people moving away for work could eventually lead to a lack of available workers - 108services1) Shops and services in rural areas suffer because residents who commute may use shops closer to their work. Services like bus routes can also close as the newer residents tend to use cars instead. This may cause problems for the original residents of the rural areas if they rely on public transport to get about.
2) As people of the reproductive age move to an area, there'll be increased need for childcare services and schools. When elderly residents move to an area, it increases the need for carers, home help and health care - 109settlement case studies background infoCOMPARING TWO AREAS OF PRESTON
->first area is the inner city area of Preston called FISHWICK, it is next to the CBD.
-> Second area of LONGTON to the south west of preston.
-> Both areas of roughly equal sized pop - 110FISHWICK (8)- Urban area of the inner city of Preston
- Has high density 19th century terraced housing, which was built during the Industrial Revolution when the cotton industry was at its peak.
- Housing can be shared or rented and less likely to have central heating = diseases can be spread more easily.
- Lack of drives and garages for parking
- High proportion of ethnic minorities as a higher proportion of young people (young professionals and students)
- People are less wealthy on average, as less own a car - probs coz of its close proximity to the CBD and the wide provision of public transport.
- Unemployments rates are higher hence there is a larger proportion of unskilled and semi-skilled workers
- 65% of the people describes their health as 'good', may be because a higher percentage of people in Fishwick live in houses that are likely to be cold and damp due to lack of central heating. - 111FISHWICK, social welfaresocial welfare of the area affected people in many ways
- Poorer living environment
-> air,visual and noise pollution
-> more traffic
-> old houses
- poorer social environment
-> higher crime rates
-> more graffiti
->ethnic tension
- poorer economic environment
->poverty trap linked to high levels of unemployment and debt and a lack of education skills.
- poorer health
- lack of wealth in an area can lead to other social welfare problems; increased debt, less money for entertainment and sporting activities, which can lead to health problems such as depression and obesity. - 112LONGTON- rural area to the s.w of Preston.
- Has more privately owned houses, with more space, a garden and a garage
- there are 1960s estates as well as more recent smaller housing developments and barn conversions.
- Mostly white, who tend to be older. Highest proportion of retired people are found in this area.
- most people own at least one car, as they need it to commute to preston an their workplace
- Very few that are unemployed due to their educational background - more therefore work in the professional sector - 113LONGTON social welfare- People are in better health due to a lower population density, better provision of services, better education because parents can afford it, less pollution and an improved living environment.
- Social environment is better, with less crime and ethnic tension
- Economic environment is also better, as better educated people can secure less manual jobs whilst earning a higher wage this income is then re-invested in the area and its people.
ISSUES
- poor public transport
- lack of local services
- growing isolation of its ageing pop - 114FISHWICK/ characteristics (stats)HOUSING;
- % privately owned houses
-> fishwick, 47
-> Longton 84
ETHNICITY
- % of pop white
-> fishwick, 57
-> longton, 98
AGE STRUCTURE
-% of over 64
-> fishwick, 11
-> longton, 29
WEALTH
- % with at least one car
-> fishwick, 57
-> longton, 85
EMPLOYMENT
- % 16-64 unemployed
-> fishwick, 19
-> longton,2
SOCIAL WELFARE
- crimes per 1000
-> fishwick, 149
-> longton, 12
- % with no qualification
-> fishwick, 36
-> longton 20 - 115the dependency ratio- gives the proportion of the population that has to be supported by the working population
0-14 = young ppl
15-64 = working age
over 65 = retired
equation:
(young ppl + old ppl)
----------------------------------------
working age pop
- a higher dependency ratio means there is a greater proportion of dependent people.
Informações
- Descrição
- A-Level Geography FlashCards sobre population, criado por Hina Nagano em 09-04-2016.
- Criado por
- Hina Nagano
- Visualizações
- 14
- Avaliação