Flashcards
Globalisation 7
Flashcards do conjunto (20)
- 1Absolute PovertyWhen a person's income is too low for basic human needs to be met, potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness.
- 2Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)Eight specific objectives for the global community created at the UN Millennium Summit in New York in 2000.
- 3Relative PovertyWhen a person's income is too low to maintain the average standard of living in particular society. Asset growth for very rich people can lead to more people being in relative poverty.
- 4Informal SectorsUnofficial forms of employment that are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation.
- 5Globalisation, Development and the Environment Critics of globalisation assert that 'the rich get richer while the poor get poorer' Is this true?Oxfam calculated that the richest 1% have seen their share of global wealth increase from 44% in 2009 to 99% in 2016 = explosion in inequality, at a time when 1 billion people still live on less that US$1.25 per day. This indicates that development gap extremities (the range of values between the world's richest and poorest people and countries), have increased.
- 6Globalisation, Development and the Environment. However, it does not necessarily follow that poorer people must actually lose money in order for the rich to make gains globalisation is not a 'Zero-sum:Overall, the global economy has grown enormously, far faster that its population.
The already-rich do, however, take a disproportionately large share of each year's new economic growth. They are in the best position to invest their capital in new opportunities such as rising properties in global hubs like London and Beijing. These triple in value between 2005 and 15.
In contrast, the wealth and incomes of the majority of people have grown more slowly over time. - 7Globalisation, Development and the Environment. Globalisation has not pushed large numbers of people into absolute poverty (measured in 2016 as earning less than US$1.25 a day). Instead, global poverty has been halved since the introduction of the what?Millennium.
Development goals in 2000, with the greatest progress made in Asia. It is true that the number of people living in reliable poverty has risen in many societies, however. When the assets and earnings of the hyper-rich balloon in value, the average (per capita) level of wealth rises. As a result, some poorer people, who's earnings are the same or slightly more, classified as below average incomes, despite no decline to wealth.
'rich get richer whilst the poorest do not' - 8Key Concept: Development Development generally means the way in which a country seeks to progress economically and to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants. A country's level of development is shown firstly by economic indicators of average national wealth and/or income, but encompasses social and political criteria also.The development cable presents the development process as a complex series of interlinked outcomes for people and places.
- 9Economic and Social Development Measures Development is measured in many different ways using both single and composite (combined) measures. When assessing the value of different measures it is helpful to distinguish between issues of validity and reliability.For a measure to be valid, there should be broad agreement that has relevance (do you agree that political corruption should be used as a measure of development for instance?)
To be reliable, a measure must use trustworthy data (do you think all countries income and employment date are accurate. - 10Income per capita and GDP - Measuring Development The mean average? GDP is widely used aggregate measure?The mean average income of a group of people. Calculated by taking an aggregate (total), source of income and dividing it by population size to give a 'crude' average (can give a misleadingly high 'typical' figure if large numbers of high-earners inflate the mean).
GDP is widely used aggregate measure. It is the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nation's borders. Each country is annual calculation includes the value added by any foreign-owned business that have located operations there. - 11Economic Sector Balance - Measuring DevelopmentA country or region’s economy can be crudely divided into four economic sectors whose relative importance changes as a country develops (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary). Developed countries have a very high proportion of tertiary, and a very low proportion of primary.
A country’s economic sector balance is also used as part of the annual GDP calculation. Every few years, each country devises a new formula that estimates the contribution that different economic sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing, make to total national income.
e.g. Nigeria ‘re-based’ its economic sector calculation in 2013 by reducing the share of agriculture from 35% to 22% of its GDP. At the same time, ICT services were increased from 1% to 9% of GDP, while Nollywood film earnings were included for the first time. As a result of these changes, Nigeria’s nominal GDP value doubled overnight! - 12Human Development Index (HDI) - Measuring DevelopmentA composite measure that ranks countries according to economic criteria (GDP per capita, adjusted for PPP) and social criteria (life expectancy and literacy).
Devised by the UN’s Development Programme (UNDP) and has been used since 2010.
The three ‘ingredients’ are processed to produce a number between 0 and 1.
2014: Norway was ranked in 1st place with a score of 0.944, and Niger was ranked last with a score of 0.337. - 13Gender Inequality Index (GII) - Measuring DevelopmentA composite measure devised by the UNDP. It measures gender inequalities related to three aspects of social and economic development. These are:
Reproductive health (measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates).
Empowerment (measured by parliamentary seats occupied by females and the proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with some secondary education).
Labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and over.
Internationally, views differ on the validity of gender inequality as a development measure. Why is this the case? - 14Environmental Performance Index (EPI) - measuring developmentAir pollution data show that environmental quality is often poor in developing and emerging economies. It usually improves as economic and social development occurs and places make the transition from industrial to post-industrial forms of economic activity.
2014: EPI ranked Ireland highly, with an air-quality index score of 98.3. Bangladesh was ranked in last place with a score of 9.
The measurement takes into account the amount of pollution found outdoors and also the quality of air inside people’s homes.
Many lower-income countries score poorly on this index on account of the use of wood-burning stoves indoors. This is not always the case though: several Caribbean islands have high air quality. - 15It should be recognised that there is more to quality of life than that which is easily measured. Below is a list of significant factors. The traditional social and economic indicators of development omit these factors because...Freedom of speech
Impact of conflict or corruption
Equality of opportunity, such as level of gender and racial discrimination
Individual perception, such as aspirations and hope for the future
Quality of the environment, including housing/Social, economic and environmental sustainability
Religion and respect for tradition
2)they require qualitative measurements. As a result, the UN General Assembly placed ‘happiness’ on the global development agenda in July 2011. The Happiness Index goes beyond economic concerns and measures sustainable development, preservation and promotion of cultural values, conservation of the natural environment, and the establishment of good governance. In 2015, the UN also established its Sustainable Development Goals. - 16The multi-speed world at varying Geographical Scales. The steep rise in world money supply during the era of globalisation has been accompanied by a changing spatial pattern of global wealth:Average incomes have risen in all continents since 1950, but only very slowly in the poorest parts of Africa.
The great gains made by European and North American nations over the same period of time has resulted in a widening of the average income gap between people living in the world’s wealthiest and poorest countries.
Absolute poverty has fallen worldwide, but this statement hides the problems some countries still face.
Many countries have advanced from low-income to middle-income status since the 1970s, resulting in a ‘three-speed’ world of developed, emerging and developing economies (see Figure 14.7). - 17Environmental Winners and Losers Major environmental issues are linked with globalisation including...Climate change and biodiversity loss. Large-scale global flows of cheap food are good news for European and North American consumer nations. However, the transformation of 40% of Earth’s terrestrial surface into productive agricultural land has led to habitat loss and biodiversity decline on a continental scale. The negative impacts of large agribusiness operations penetrate deeply into many of the world’s poorer regions, such as east Africa and southern Asia (Figure 14.8). Intensive cash-cropping, cattle ranching and aquaculture bring damaging environmental effects ranging from groundwater depletion to the removal of mangrove forests (which increases flood risk in coastal areas).
- 18Economic Development Trends for Global Regions The world as a whole has not become more unequal as a result of globalisation. However, trends in economic and environmental development since 1970 do show that some regions are more unequal than others. After WW2...Western nations experienced increased economic wealth, while their former colonies and the communist world did not. This happened because the industrial economies of the ‘West’ were more advanced, with more productive workers and political parties that ensured a relatively equal distribution of the economic benefits. By the 1970s, average income per person in the ten richest countries was about 40 times higher than that in the ten poorest.
- 19From the late 1970s and into the 1980s, many poorer countries began to catch up with richer ones, and within those countries richer people gained wealth faster than poorer people. The surge in emerging markets began with China’s Open Door Policy. By the 2000s the majority of emerging economies were growing faster than rich countries, to such an extent that global inequality started to fall, even as the gaps within many countries increased. Figure 4.13 shows the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan, located on the coast of the East China Sea. It provides evidence of China’s rapid growth; this port is now the busiest in the world in terms of cargo tonnage.The huge changes that have swept the world economy (globalisation, deregulation, the IT revolution, and the associated expansion of trade, capital flows and global supply chains) all narrowed the income gaps between countries, yet widened them within countries at the same time.
The global reach of the modern economy hugely increased the size of markets and the rewards to the most successful. New technologies pushed up demand for well-educated people, boosting the incomes of skilled workers. The integration of some 1.5 billion emerging economy workers into the global market economy boosted economic returns, ensuring that the ‘haves’ would have more. It also exposed low-skilled workers in developed economies to competition from low-skilled workers in emerging economies. The relatively high wages of low-skilled workers in the developed world put them at severe disadvantage and as a result these groups have experienced unemployment and wage uncertainties due to globalisation. This is shown by the closure of the steel works in the UK jan 2016, indian comp tata =no longer economical to run - 20Since 1970, the average income per capita in Asia has leapt over the absolute poverty threshold (driven in particular by the modernisation of Japan and South Korea). Asia’s 2010 figure of roughly US$7000 per capita is equivalent to about US$20 per day, well in excess of the absolute poverty threshold of US$1.25 per day. Incomes in Africa have remained closer to the poverty line (Figure 14.9). However, it is important to distinguish between different regions within AfricaLarge income gains have been made in Tunisia, Algeria and other parts of the Maghreb region. North Africa in general is far more ‘switched on’ to globalisation (in part due to outsourcing by French TNCs). Elsewhere, some of Africa’s coastal hubs, for example, Lagos, Nairobi and Cape Town (Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa, respectively), are growth engines for a handful of important emerging economies. Economists predict a bright future for these places, provided political upheavals to not derail the economic development process. They expect strong African middle-class growth to rival Asia over coming decades.
In contrast, poverty remains entrenched in some Sub-Saharan countries, including Burundi and Central African Republic. In several places, a toxic cocktail of geographical isolation (lack of coastline), poverty and political extremism has resulted in falling life expectancy due to conflict. Human rights abuses are widespread and progress towards gender equality has been set back decades by the spread of extremist political organisations including the Lord’s Resistance Army
Informações
- Descrição
- A-Level Geography FlashCards sobre Globalisation 7, criado por Ethan Molloy em 01-02-2017.
- Criado por
- Ethan Molloy
- Visualizações
- 1
- Avaliação