Flashcards
Linguistics - Syntax
Flashcards do conjunto (22)
- 1Grammatical hierarchysentences--independant syntactic unit (at least one main clause + subordinate clause(s)
Clauses--consist at least of a subject and a verb
Phrases--group of connected words
(Syntax) Words -- Morphemes -(Grammar)- Phonemes - 2Paradigm vs. SyntagmConstituents of the same paradigm: the gir, they, no one, everybody
(Relation of choice
Syntagm: constituents: the girl - goes- to the cinema
Combination along a chain - 3NounsUsually preceded by determiners
case: common/unmarked (mother), possessive (mother's)
Number: singular/plural - 4Adjectivesmodify nouns
comparison: comparative,, superlative
can be intensified (e.g. very)
usually form adverbs by adding (-ly)
predicative use: the girl is happy
attributive use: the happy girl - 5Verb typesfull/lexical ---red, run
primary verbs--- be, do, have
modal auxiliaries -- can, could, shall, may, must - 6Verb - Grammatical functionsmain verbs = full verbs
auxiliaries = modal auxiliaries (epistemic: probability/truth), deontic (obligation, permission) dynamic (ability)
primary verbs can function as both - 7Verbs - grammatical categoriestense (past, present future, perfect)
Mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)
Aspect (progressive, perfective)
Voice (active, passive, medio-passive) - 8Verb - lexical category (Aktionart)stative -- to know
iterative --- to knock
telic -- to fall
durative -- to wait
momentary -- to knock (once) - 9Adverbsmodify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
Comparison: comparative and superlative - 10Open class (words)Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs (interjections)
- 11Closed classpronouns, prepositions, modal auxiliaries, determiners, conjunctions, primary verbs, negators
- 12Pronounssubstitute for noun phrases
different classes (personal, possessive, relative)
Case: subjective (I), objective (me) possessive (mine)
number: singular (I), plural (we)
person (1,2,3)
Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter)
+ oblique cases - 13determinersalways followed by noun phrase
definite article (the) indefinite (a)
Numerals (all, many, much, some, any, no, every, each)
possessive determiners (my, your, his, her, its, our)
demonstrative (this, that ,these) - 14prepositionsfollowed by a noun phrase (in,up, because of)
- 15Conjunctionsfollowed by a clause
co-ordinating two main clauses (and, or , but
subordinate clauses: since, while, because (inversion in German) - 16Phrasesconsist of
- head
- premodification
- postmodification
- can function as subject, verb, object, adverbial - 17Noun PhraseHead = noun/pronoun
modified by determiners, adjectives, relative clauses ...
- She
- The girl whose name is Anna - 18Verb PhraseHead = Main verb
Preceded by up to four auxiliaries
- sinks
- would have been sinking - 19Adverb Phrase (AdvP)head = adverb
- can be modified by other adverbs or clauses
- (she works) too well to believe - 20Prepositional PhraseHead = preposition
always has to be followed by a noun phrase
- at the corner of the street - 21Functional constituentsS---Subject ----- NP
V---Verb ----VP
Od---Direct object----NP
Oi---indirect object ---- NP
Cs/o----Complement----NP/AdjP
A(..)-----Adverbial---AdvP/PP - 22Types of adverbialstime/temporal
place/spatial
manner/modal
reason/causal
concessive
conditional
purposive
Informações
- Descrição
- Linguistics (Introduction to English Linguistics) FlashCards sobre Linguistics - Syntax , criado por Pauli Ketchum em 19-07-2017.
- Criado por
- Pauli Ketchum
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