Flashcards
population change
Flashcards do conjunto (28)
- 1what is natural change?- change in population brought by difference between crude BR & DR
- if BR exceeds DR population size will grow > natural increase - 2what is total fertility rate?- average number of children that each woman of reproductive childbearing age will give birth to
- more accurate measure of future population change as refers to births per woman - 3what is (net) replacement rate?- number of children each woman needs to have to maintain current population levels or give zero population growth by generation
- a measured fertility rate
- if fertility above replacement rate, population will grow
- higher in LICS bc of higher mortality - 4what is infant mortality rate?- number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year
- 5why is it considered to be an important measure of mortality?- it is age specific, this group is vulnerable but society should be taking care of
- gives an indication of level of healthcare, particularly maternity&post natal & prevalence & ability to combat diseases
- gives indication of wealth
- has an impact on fertility rate, areas with high infant & child mortality have little choice but to have more children - 6decisions about family size are influenced by:socio-economic & sometimes political factors which have long term impacts on culture
- 7how does religion affect fertility?- roman catholicism & islam proscribe use of artificial contraception & abortion
- most countries where catholic is main faith (except philipines) have low fertility & slow population growth BUT western cultural values may override religion
- countries where majority are muslim show highest fertility rates & fastest growth - 8how does gender affect fertility rates?- gender preference, socio-economic & cultural reasons societies prefer male children, e.g. rural areas in developing countries, e.g. Pakistan, India, Sub-Saharan Africa SO higher fertility rates as will have children until have 1/2 boys
- status of women, encouraged to have lots of children, look after the family, prevented from obtaining an education or career - 9how do marriage traditions affect fertility?- child marriage, UNICEF >60% women in 5 countries in SS Africa & bangladesh were married before reached 18, africa legal min age 16-18 but sometimes 15 on local scale can be 12
- polygamy, common across much of africa & middle east, seen as symbol of power & wealth - 10how do population policies affect fertility rates?government-led media campaigns & other strategies advocating population control will influence
e.g. indias 'one family, 2 children' been successful in indian states where fertility rates have fallen significantly - 11what is the DTM?- developed by american demographer warren thompson 1929
- shows how population of a country changes overtime through 5 stages
- shows changes in birth rate, death rate & life expectancy - 12what is stage one? (high stationary/high fluctuating)- high BR & DR
- natural increase = stable & fluctuating
e.g. few remote groups in tropical rainforests
- reasons for BR: many children needed to work on land, high infant&child mortality, religious&social reasons
- no family planning
- reasons for DR: disease, famine, poor medical knowledge so many children die - 13what is stage 2? (early expanding)e.g. Niger, Mali, Gambia
- birth rate= high
- death rate= falls rapidly
- natural increase= very rapid
- reasons for change in birth rate=many children needed to work in farms, most die at early age, religious and social reasons, no family planning
- reasons for change in death rate= improvements in food&water supply, sanitation&hygiene, medical care advances - 14what is stage 3? (late expanding)e.g. Brazil, India, Mexico
- BR = starts to fall
- DR = falls more slowly
- natural increase= slows down
- reasons for BR = conditions change so fewer children needed, intro of contraception
- reasons for DR = improvements in food&water supply, sanitation&hygiene, medical care advances - 15what is stage 4? (low stationary/low fluctuating)e.g. US, UK, canada
- BR = low and steady
- DR = starts to level out
- natural increase= slow, some fluctuations
- reasons for BR = more family planning, emancipation of women
- reasons for DR = good healthcare established, reliable food supply - 16what is stage 5? (decline)e.g. Germany, Japan, Russia
- BR = falls below DR
- DR = remains low, may increase
- small natural decrease
- reasons for BR = more elderly pop, smaller proportion in reproductive ages
- reasons for DR = more elderly, higher proportion reaching life expectancy - 17example of Niger- very arid, subtropical desert climate
- much of N & E = sahara desert
- extreme S has tropical climate
- recurring drought events are a hazard
- sparsely populated
- most live in rural areas & subsistence farmers
- high BR & relatively low&falling DR so stage 2 BUT DR much lower than expected for stage 2
- young population structure
- support of NGOs e.g. Save the Children to reduce hunger & malnutrition - 18example of canada- arctic, temperate continental & temperate maritime climates
- very large country with small population 35 million
- on national scale sparsely populated but highly urbanised with concentrated living in cities
- low BR&DR with low natural increase so clearly in stage 4
- not progressing into stage 5
- encourages controlled immigration as has plenty of space & resources - 19what are the strengths of the DTM?- easily and universally applied
- used to compare stages of demographic development
- used buy demographers to make predictions about future change - 20what are the limitations of the DTM?doesn't account for
- migration&impact on birth rates
- gov policy may influence BR
- wars and other conflicts will impact DR
- impact of major disease pandemics on DR - 21what is population structure?term used to describe age distribution and sex composition of a pop, examined by 'national' scale (usually), usually shown in population pyramids
- 22what age group is known as the 'young dependent' population?0-14
- 23what age group is known as the 'economically active'15-64
- 24what age group is known as the 'elderly dependent'?65+
- 25what is the dependency ratio?- proportion of population that has to be supported by working population
- close to 1 = high dependency - 26what are problems associated with a youthful population- increasing demands for improving maternal & child healthcare & education
- providing food, water, energy
- govs to keep up with demand for schooling - 27what potential benefits are there of a youthful population?- young ppl of today are country's human resources of tomorrow
- can foster growth & development if there are favourable potential economic & political conditions - 28what is the demographic dividend?- benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependents
- boost from economic productivity results in workforce relative to number of dependents
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- GCSE Geography (population and environment) FlashCards sobre population change, criado por serena norman thomas em 02-04-2018.
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- serena norman thomas
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