Flashcards
Cartilage and Bone
Flashcards do conjunto (49)
- 1what are the 8 kinds of connective tissuebone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, joint capsule and synovium, synovial fluid, loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue
- 2what is the fcn of ECM?provide a scaffold to keep cells in a functional arrangement
-distribute and dissipate forces (load) imposed on the body by posture and locomotion - 3what is ECM made of?-water
-complex macromolecules (collagens, elastin, proteoglycans) that can variously resist tensile and compressive forces - 4what is a jointa connective tissue that has been arranged into an organ
- 5what are the 3 kinds of joints-fiberous (sutures in the skull)
-cartilaginous (intervertebral disc)
-synovial (stifle joint) - 6What are 2 properties that synovial joints have that aide in stability-ligament (join bone to bone)
-fibrous joint capsule - 7what is a chondrocyte-cells that produce cartilage and maintain it
-maintain ECM which is made of collagen Type II and proteoglycans - 8what is articular cartilage-smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
-allows bone to glide over one another w/ very little friction
-articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage w/ ECM and sparse chondrocytes in lacunae - 9what are the 3 types of cartilage-hyaline cartilage
-fibrocartilage
-elastic cartilage - 10what is perichondriumThe perichondrium (from Greek περί (peri 'around') and χόνδρος (chondros 'cartilage')) is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes. Perichondrium can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage.
- 11what is hyaline cartilage-most common
-has a glassy appearance (hya)
-made of type II collagen - sparse chondrocytes in ECM
-it has a perichondrium
-weakest cartilage - 12what is fibrocartilageThis is the strongest kind of cartilage, because it has alternating layers of hyaline cartilage matrix (Type I collagen) and thick layers of dense collagen fibres oriented in the direction of functional stresses.
This type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium as it is usually a transitional layer between hyaline cartilage and tendon or ligament. - 13what is elastic cartilageIn elastic cartilage, the chondrocytes are found in a threadlike network of elastic fibres within the matrix.
Elastic cartilage provides strength, and elasticity, and maintains the shape of certain structure such as the external ear. It has a perichondrium. - 14what is cartilage for (3)1. to form the supporting framework of some organs, such as the walls of airways (nose, trachea, larynx and bronchi), where it prevents airway collapse.
2. to form the articulating surfaces of bones, and
3.to form the template for the growth and development of long bones, and most of the rest of the fetal skeleton (gradually replaced by bone). - 15what is periosteumPeriosteum-a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Perichondrium-a layer of dense irregular connective tissue which surrounds the cartilage of developing bone; Once vascularized, the perichondrium becomes the periosteum.
- 16Cat Skull trabecular bone name what the arrows are pointing to
- 17Name the parts of bone the arrows point to
- 18how are osteoclasts derieved and describe one characteristic feature about them-derieved from fusion of monocytes
-multinuclear - 19what is thisCortical bone
-compact bone
-spaces b/w the mineral appear black
- 20Name the structures the arrow point to
- 21Growing femur - name the numbered areas1. proliferation of cartilage cells
2. hypertrophy of chondrocytes
3. calcified cartilage
4. deposition of bone (pink) on cartilage template
- 22Name the parts of a synovial joint
- 23what is the function of synovial fluidis a lubricant of synovial joints
- 24what is dense connective tissueprovides firm attachment, stabilizes
-consists mainly collagen fibres
-contains fewer cells - 25what is loose connective tissuecushions organs, provides support
has fewer fibres
(is beneath the dermis, b/w muscles, and around blood vessels and joints) - 26what is bone made of35% type I collagen
60% hydroxyapatite - compressible strength
4% water
1% proteoglycan - 27what is the function of boneresist tension, compression, bending, torsion, shear
-articulate against joint surfaces, muscle actions
-a surface for tendon, ligament, and joint capsule attachment
a safe space for other organs (skull/ribs)
-air filter and transfer surface (nasal)
-transmit vibrations (ear)
Metabolism:
-haematopoiesis
-calcium store (most Ca from the body is stored here) - 28what is remodellingbone is resorbed and replaced w/ new bone due to fatigue but the bone remains the same shape it was b/f
- 29what is modelling-bone is removed/deposited but new bone is laid down in a shape that is different from what it was b/f to even out stresses
- 30how does osteoclast resorb bone-bind to mineralized (non unmineralized) matrix via integrin - a sealing zone - and resorb bone by releasing
hydrogen ions through carbonic anhydrase
and other enzymes - 31what is howships lacunae-the lacunae the osteoclasts make when they release their enzymes to disintegrate bone
- 32what does an osteocyte do-maintain local matrix mineralization and act as mechanoreceptors - detect mechanical load
-they have a cell body in the lacuna - with many long cell processes in canaliculi
-signalling system that decides whether to recruit more OB or clasts
-influenced by circulating Ca, phosphorous, hormones, and maybe mechanical stimulation
-passive bone resorption and Ca/O homeostasis - 33where do osteoblasts come from-cuboidal cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells
- 34what do osteoblasts dosecrete osteoid on the bone surface
-then hydroxyapaptite (bone mineral) accumulates in the gel, and new bone is formed. OBs bury themselves in osteoid and forms Osteocytes - 35how do osteoblasts signal to osteoclasts and precursorsM-CSF, rank systems
-stimulate osteoclast differentiation and resorption
-coordinate resorption and formation
-OB osteoprotegrin formation block rank ligand binding, and inhibits OCl activation - 36how do you tell the difference b/w an osteoclast and OB in histologyOsteoclasts are by themselves and do not form a group like the osteoblast does
- 37What type of collagen does fibrocartilage have in its ECMtype I
- 38what type of collagen does articular cartilage have in its ECMtype II
- 39what is tendon primarily composed ofType I
- 40What is a crimp's importance in a tendon-wave like pattern of collagen fibrils, straightens when the tendon/ligament is under tension
-allow some elongation to occur w/o fibrous damage
-helps tendons absorb tensile energy - 41what is enthesisinsertion of a tendon, ligament, or capsule into bone
- 42what are tenocytesresponsible for synthesizing the ECM, including collagen fibres
- 43what are the two kinds of tenocytesshort fat one = blastic - may be dividing/collagen
long thin ones = cytic - mainteinance fcn - 44what are some other properties of tendons-O2 tolerant
hyperthermia tolerant (depends)
low metabolic rate/ limited vascularity -- limited ability to remodel/repair tendon fibrils
-slow healing, mechanically inferior tissue - the collagen is less organized and doesn't heal as well - 45collagen synthesis - how-collagen is a triple helix of polypeptide chains
-translated as procollagen then cleaved into collagen
collagen is exported into cytoplasmic furrows - guide formation of fibril space
-as collagen is secreted during development and growth, tenocytes becomes more distantly spaced - 46what happens as fatigue occurs-aligned collagen fibrils become more kinked
-interfibrous space widens
-in high fatigue severe matrix disruptions and thinned fibres seen - 47what are common degenerative disease tendons that are affectedSDF
cranial cruciates - 48what can be done to treat degenerative diseases of tendons?-mesenchymal stem cells - inject stem cells from bone marrow into tendon
-firing - not recommended and painful - old procedure - 49—
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- Locomotion FlashCards sobre Cartilage and Bone , criado por Erin Loogman em 16-05-2018.
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- Erin Loogman
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