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Description
Flashcards by Evian Chai, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Evian Chai
almost 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is bone? | Hard, rigid, calcified connective tissue It is living and constantly remodelling |
| What are the functions of bone? (6) | 1. Reservoir for calcium/phosphate ions 2. Provide support/attachment for muscles 3. Forms blood cells (hemopoiesis) in bone marrow 4. Provides protection of internal organs 5. High tensile strength/mechanical loading 6. Slight elasticity to respond to stress |
| What are the 4 types of bone by shape on the human body, and what are some examples? | 1. Long bone with epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis eg. Femur/humerus 2. Flat bones eg. skull 3. Short bones eg. wrist/ankle 4. Irregular bone eg. maxilla/pelvis |
| Bone is ...% organic matrix and ...% inorganic mineral What is each composed of? | 25% 75% Organic: 95% TYPE 1 collagen 5% noncollagenous protein, GAGs Inorganic: Hydroxyapatite |
| What cells are precursors to osteoblasts and make up the periosteum? What do they arise from? | Osteoprogenitor cells Mesenchymal Stem cells |
| Which cells line bone, synthesise osteoids, and secretes phosphatase for mineralisation? | Osteoblasts |
| What is an osteoid? | Unmineralised bone consisting mainly of collagen |
| What are osteoblasts joined by? | Gap junctions |
| When osteoblasts get trapped in matrix, what do they diffrentiate into? What are they embedded in? | Osteocytes Lacunae |
| What are osteoclasts connected by? What is their function? | 1. Connected by canaliculi and gap junctions 2. Function is to communicate/maintain bone matrix |
| What are lining cells formed by? Where are they located in the periosteum? What do they do? | Osteoblasts that do not get trapped in lacunae In the cellular layer of the periosteum Can be reactivated to produce bone when needed |
| What are osteoclasts? What is their lineage? How many nuclei do they have? How do they make Howship's Lacunae? | Bone cells that reabsorb/recycle matrix Haematopoietic stem cells (same as macrophages) Multinucleated They secrete HCl to degrade hydroxyapatite |
| Which cartilage has perichondrium and which doesn't? | Hyaline cartilage has perichondrium Articular cartilage does not |
| Where is the perichondrium found? What is it made of? What are the two layers? | 1. At the perimeter of the elastic and hyaline cartilage 2. Made of chondroblasts, chondroblasts stem cells, fibroblasts, and blood vessels 3. Outer fibrous layer (fibroblasts/nerves) and inner cambium cellular layer (osteoprogenitor+osteoblasts) |
| What type of collagen do chondroblasts secrete? What do chondroblasts become? | Type II collagen, which is what ECM is made of Become chondrocytes when they are embedded in lacunae in matrix |
| Where are chondrocytes found? What do they do? | Embedded in hyaline cartilage Synthesis matrix |
| Which cells produce type 1 collagen (bone)? | Osteoblasts, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells |
| Which cells produce type 2 collagen (cartilage)? | chondroblasts and chondrocytes |
| Bone or cartilage? 1. Deformable, semi-rigid 2. Not permeable 3. mainly collagen 1 4. appositional growth AND interstitial 5. No vascularisation | 1. Cartilage 2. Bone 3. Bone 4. Cartilage 5. Cartilage |
| What is woven bone? Regular or irregular collagen fibers? High or low cellular content? Found where? | Immature bone Has irregular collagen fibers Found in fracture healing, first cycle of bone remodelling |
| What is lamellar bone? Regular or irregular collagen fibers? High or low cellular content? What are the two types? | 1. Mature bone 2. Regular straight collagen fibers 3. Low cellular content, heavily calcified 4. Cortical and Trabecular bone |
| What type of lamellar bone is hard, forms the outer layer of bone, and contains osteons? | Cortical (compact) bone |
| What type of lamellar bone is spongy, forms the inner of bone, and doesn't contain osteons? | Trabecular (spongy) bone |
| What is the endosteum? | It coats the inner layer of compact, while lining the outside of trabecular bone |
| What are lamellae? Are they present in trabecular bone, compact bone, or both? | Layers of bone with collagen fibers running in different directions Present in both, however only as osteons in compact bone |
| What are Haversian systems/Osteons? What bones are they found in? How do they communicate? | 1. CIrcle of lamellae around blood vessels/nerves 2. Cortical bone 3. Via osteocytes |
| What are the three types of lamallae? | 1. circumferential around outside 2. Concentric around vascular channels (osteon) 3. Interstitial between osteons |
| What is the purpose of Haversian Canals? What bone are they located in and what direction do they run? | Nutrient channels Located in cortical bone, run in direction of long axis |
| What is the purpose of Volkman's Canals? What bone are they located in and what direction do they run? | 1. Connect Haversian Canals with each other 2. Located in cortical bone 3. Run at right/oblique angles |
| Label the osteocytes in the osteon |
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