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Flashcards

Coasts

Rebecca Bailey Geography GCSE Inglês 152 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (152)

  1. 1Define inputMaterial or energy flowing into a system
  2. 2Define outputMaterial or energy flowing out of a system
  3. 3Define energyPower or driving force
  4. 4Define storeElements of a system that hold material for a period of time
  5. 5Define flowLinks and relationships between stores
  6. 6Define positive feedbackA cyclical sequence of events that increases change
  7. 7Define negative feedbackA cyclical sequence of events that counters change
  8. 8Define dynamic equilibriumA state of balance where inputs and outputs are equal but constantly changing
  9. 9How did the Pleistocene affect coastal landscapesSea levels constantly rise and fall, causing a variation of landforms and coastal processes
  10. 10Define landformA feature that makes up part of the earth's terrain
  11. 11Define landscapeAn area made up of multiple landforms
  12. 12What is the primary source of energy for coastal systems? How?The sun's, as its heat and light are naturally converted into energy
  13. 13How is wind created?Air moves over a pressure gradient
    Greater gradient > stronger wind
  14. 14What are the factors of wave energy?Strength and duration of wind, fetch and direction of prevailing wind
  15. 15How are waves formed?Air moves across water, frictional drag disturbs the surface, ripples or waves are formed from the orbital motion of the water particles
  16. 16How do waves approach and break on the coast?As water becomes shallower, orbital motion is squashed horizontally. Wavelength decreases but wave height increases, water is forced to rise, eventually topples over and "breaks"
  17. 17Where are constructive waves generated?Distant weather systems
  18. 18Where are destructive waves generated?Local storms
  19. 19What is a constructive wave?Low, surging waves with long wavelengths
  20. 20What is a destructive wave?High, plunging waves with short wavelengths
  21. 21Define swashWater travelling up the beach
  22. 22Define backwashWater travelling down the beach
  23. 23What is the swash and backwash of constructive waves?Strong swash, weak backwash
  24. 24What is the swash and backwash of destructive waves?Weak swash, strong backwash
  25. 25What beach profile is created by constructive waves?Gentle beach profile with berms, steepens over time
  26. 26What beach profile is created by destructive waves?Steep beach profile with storm ridges, flatten over time
  27. 27Define tidesChanges in the water level of seas and oceans caused by gravitational pull of the sun and moon
  28. 28What tides are experienced in the UK?Two spring (high) tides and two neap (low) tides per month
  29. 29Define spring tideHigh tide, occurs when the sun and moon pull in the same direction
  30. 30Define neap tideLow tide, occurs when the sun and moon pull in opposite directions
  31. 31Define tidal rangeThe distance between high and low tide
  32. 32Why do coastal landforms often form in high tide?In high tide, erosional processes are concentrated
  33. 33Define rip currentStrong localised underwater current
  34. 34How do rip currents form?A series of destructive waves cause a build up of water, giving resistance to backwash and forcing it underneath the breaking wave with great force
  35. 35What is the appearance of a high energy coastline?Rocky coasts, powerful waves for most of the year, rate of erosion exceeds rate of deposition
  36. 36What is the appearance of a low energy coastline?Sandy coasts, low power waves or shelter from powerful waves, rate of deposition exceeds rate of erosion
  37. 37Define wave refractionWaves are distorted as they approach an indented coastline, concentrating their energy and causing erosion
  38. 38How do rivers act as a sediment source?Carry sediment in channel flow
    Bigger source in high rainfall environments, more erosion and so more sediment
  39. 39How does cliff erosion act as a sediment source?In areas of soft rock, erosion rates can be up to 10 metres per year, creating a huge source of sediment
  40. 40Longshore driftSediment is transported from one coastline to another, swash travels diagonally and backwash travels at a right angle to the shore
  41. 41How does wind act as a sediment source?Wind blows sand into coastal regions
  42. 42How do glaciers act as a sediment source?Chunks of ice containing sediment can break off ice shelves and deposit trapped sediment in the sea
  43. 43How does the ocean act as a sediment source?Waves, tides and currents transfer sediment into the coastal zone
  44. 44Define sediment cellA stretch of coastline where the movement of sediment is mostly contained with little movement between cells
  45. 45Name 3 sediment cell inputsTakes material from the river, coastal erosion and offshore sources
  46. 46Name a sediment cell flowLongshore drift
    Rip currents
  47. 47Name a sediment cell storeBeach
    Sand dune
    Offshore deposit
  48. 48Name a sediment cell outputSevere storms can sweep sediment out to sea
  49. 49Define sediment budgetBalance of material added to and removed from a coastal system
  50. 50Define sediment budget surplusMore sediment is added than removed, coast builds seaward
  51. 51Define sediment budget deficitMore sediment is removed than added, coast retreats inland
  52. 52Define weatheringBreakdown or disintegration of rock
  53. 53How can weathering lead to a positive feedback loop?If rate of debris removal exceeds rate of weathering, rate of weathering can increase as rock exposure is increased
  54. 54How can weathering lead to a negative feedback loop?If rate of debris removal is slow, debris will build up at the base of the cliff, reduce rock exposure and decrease weathering
  55. 55Define mechanical weatheringBreakdown of rock without any chemical changes taking place
  56. 56Define biological weatheringBreakdown of rock by organic activity
  57. 57Define chemical weatheringBreakdown of rock by chemical reaction
  58. 58How does the sea use eroded material?To further erode and reshape the coastline
  59. 59Explain freeze thaw. Type of weathering?Water enters cracks in a rock, freezes and expands, exerting pressure on the rock and forces the crack to break apart
    Mechanical
  60. 60Explain salt crystallisation. Type of weathering?Saline water evaporates, leaving salt crystals behind which grow and exert stress on rock, causing it to break apart
    Mechanical
  61. 61Explain wetting and drying. Type of weathering?Frequent cycles of wetting and drying are common on the coast. Rock such as clay gets wet and, as it dries, cracks and breaks
    Mechanical
  62. 62Explain plant weathering. Type of weathering?Plant roots grow into cracks in rock, widen at the root as they grow and break up rock
    Biological
  63. 63Explain acidic decay. Type of weathering?Water running through decaying vegetation becomes acidic and erodes rock, especially limestone
    Biological
  64. 64Explain animal weathering. Type of weathering?Birds and woodland creatures dig burrows into cliffs which breaks apart the material
    Biological
  65. 65Explain carbonation. Type of weathering?Rain water absorbs CO2 and forms a weak carbonic acid which reacts with some rocks and dissolves them e.g. limestone
    Chemical
  66. 66Explain oxidation. Type of weathering?Reaction of rocks with oxygen leaves rock vulnerable to weathering
    Chemical
  67. 67Explain solution. Type of weathering?Dissolving rock minerals in water
    Chemical
  68. 68Define mass movementDownhill movement of material under the influence of gravity
  69. 69Define oil creepExtremely slow movement of material downhill
  70. 70Define mudflowEarth and mud flowing downhill over weak bedrock after heavy rain
  71. 71Define landslideMud moving rapidly downhill along a slide plain, roughly parallel to the ground surface
  72. 72What is the difference between a mudflow and a landslide?Landslide material remains largely intact
    Landslides can be triggered by earthquakes as well as heavy rainfall
  73. 73Define rockfallCollapse or break away of rock fragments from a cliff face
    Associated with vertical cliffs
  74. 74What is rockfall triggered by?Mechanical weathering or an earthquake
  75. 75Define slumpA landslide over a curved plain, occurring in weak clays and sand where permeable rock overlies impermeable rock
  76. 76What is the characteristic appearance of a slump landscape?Sharp slope break and cliff scarring
  77. 77Define solifluctionSoil creep in cold periglacial environments
    Temperature increases thaw the top layer of frozen soil which becomes highly saturated and flows slowly over impermeable permafrost
  78. 78Define hydraulic actionForce of water crashing against a coastline breaks coastal rock by forcing air into cracks, expands and splits the rock
  79. 79Define cavitationWaves trap and compress water in rock joints and bubbles explode under high pressure, eroding rock over time
  80. 80Define wave quarryingWaves break against weak rocks and scoop out loose material
  81. 81Define corrasionWaves pick up sand and pebbles and throw them at the cliff which chips at rock
  82. 82Define abrasionDrags sediment along a shoreline, eroding and smoothing rocky surfaces
  83. 83Define solution/corrosionWeak acids in saline water dissolves alkaline rocks
  84. 84Define attritionGradual wearing down of rock by impact
  85. 85What factors of waves influence coastal erosion?Size and type of wave influences rate and type of erosion
  86. 86What factors of rocks influence coastal erosion?Strength and chemical components of rock determines erosion
  87. 87Define tractionRolling of coarse sediment along the sea bed that is too heavy to be carried or lifted
  88. 88Define saltationSediment "bounced" along the sea bed, light enough to be lifted but too heavy to be carried
  89. 89Define suspensionSmall, light sediment picked up and carried by the flow of water
  90. 90Define solutionChemicals dissolved in seawater and transported elsewhere by precipitation
  91. 91When does coastal deposition occur?When water velocity falls below a critical value and material is left behind
  92. 92What is a wave cut notch?Waves break on the cliff and erosion is concentrated near the high tide line, creating a notch
    Eventually undercut and collapses
  93. 93Define wave cut platformAs the cliff is eroded, it retreats and leaves behind a gently sloping platform
  94. 94What type of rock creates steep cliffs?Strong, resistant rock e.g. sedimentary
  95. 95What type of rock creates gentle cliffs?Weak rocks in sheltered locations with low energy waves and a short fetch
  96. 96How do wide beaches create sloping cliffs?Wave energy is absorbed and sediment gathers at the bottom, prevents undercutting and reduces the total angle
  97. 97What determines a cliff's rate of retreat?Balance between marine factors e.g. fetch and terrestrial factors e.g. rock type
  98. 98Define strataLayers of rock
  99. 99Define bedding planeHorizontal, natural breaks in strata caused by compression of layers over time
  100. 100Define jointsVertical fractures caused by contraction as sediment dries out or by earth's movement during isostatic rebound
  101. 101Define foldsFormed by pressure during tectonic activity making rocks buckle and crumple
  102. 102Define faultsFormed by stress or pressure on a rock which causes it to fracture and slip along the fault plain
  103. 103Define dipThe angle at which rock strata lies
  104. 104Define beach as a depositional landformDepositional landform extending from approximately the highest high tide to the lowest low tide
  105. 105Define swash-aligned beach as a depositional landformForm in low-energy areas where waves approach the coastline parallel to the shore
  106. 106Define drift-aligned beach as a depositional landformForm when waves approach the coastline at an angle
  107. 107Define spitLong, narrow feature of sand or shingle, extending from the mainland into the sea or across an estuary
  108. 108Define recurved tipEnd of spit curves due to wave refraction taking material into the sheltered water behind a spit, often forming a salt marsh
  109. 109Define compound spitOccurs where processes of material transport varied over time, producing a series of "barbs"
  110. 110Define tomboloA beach or ridge joining a small island to the mainland
    Sometimes covered by high tides
  111. 111Define offshore barRidges of sand or coarse sediment created by offshore waves
  112. 112Define barrier beachBeach or spit extending across a bay to join two headlands together
  113. 113What is the summer profile of a beach?Steep
    Constructive waves
    Low wave frequency
    Wave energy deposits widely
    Weak backwash
  114. 114What is the winter profile of a beach?Flat
    Destructive waves
    High wave frequency
    Occasional rip currents
    Strong backwash
  115. 115What environment is required for the formation of a sand dune?1. Available sand
    2. Large tidal range
    3. Dominant onshore wind
  116. 116Define sand duneSandy beaches consisting of sand blown off by onshore winds, usually containing vegetation which stabilises the sand
  117. 117Define vegetation successionOver several hundred years, a gradual increase in vegetation density towards the back of the beach develops
  118. 118Climatic climax communityThe final community, well-adjusted to climatic conditions of the area
  119. 119Name 3 characteristics of estuarine landformsA body of water fed by a river
    Partially enclosed
    Open to another saltwater body e.g. ocean
  120. 120How are estuaries formed?Formed when the freshwater of a river meets the saltwater of an ocean in a partially enclosed area
  121. 121Define barrier beachBeach or spit that extends across a bay to join two headlands together
  122. 122Define bayAn area of water surrounded by land on 3 sides
  123. 123Define headlandAn area of land surrounded by water on 3 sides
  124. 124Define saltmarshA type of marsh that is a transitional zone between land and saline water
  125. 125MudflatAreas of mud deposited by tide, river and ocean
  126. 126Define eustatic sea level changeGlobal change in sea level caused by the water level itself rising or falling
  127. 127Define isostatic sea level changeLocal change in sea level caused by land rising or falling relative to the sea
  128. 128Explain isostatic depressionIn glacial periods, the weight of ice on land weighs it down causing land to sink and sea level to rise
  129. 129Explain isostatic reboundIn interglacial periods, the weight of ice on land is relieved as it melts, causing land to rise and sea level to fall
  130. 130Under what circumstances do emergent coastal landforms form?Form when isostatic rebound is faster than eustatic rise in sea level
    (Land rises faster than sea)
  131. 131Define raised beachWave cut platforms and beaches that are above current sea level
  132. 132Define relict cliffAn old cliff displaying features such as caves, arches, stacks and stumps which is set back from the coastline
  133. 133Under what circumstances do submergent coastal landforms form?Form when eustatic rise is faster than isostatic rebound
    (Sea rises faster than land)
  134. 134Define riaA flooded river valley, lower part of floodplain drowned, high land remains exposed
    e.g. Kingsbridge Estuary, Devon
  135. 135Define fjordSubmerged glacial valley, river bed erodes, deepens and floods
    e.g. Sognefjorden, Norway
  136. 136Define Dalmatian coastGlacial valleys lying parallel flood but the tops remain above sea level, appearing as islands parallel to the coastline
    e.g. Dalmatian Coast, Dalmatia
  137. 137Explain modern day sea level changeSea levels stabilised 3000 years ago
    19th century, global sea level rose by 1.7mm per year, 1993-2010, global sea level rose by 3.2mm per year
  138. 138How is sea level change predicted to change in the future?Estimated that by 2100, sea levels could rise 30-100cm from current levels
  139. 139Define hard engineeringControlled disruption of natural processes using man-made structures to protect a coastline or coastal town
  140. 140Define soft engineeringUse of natural processes to reduce erosion and stabilise a coastline or coastal town
  141. 141What is CBA?Cost Benefit Analysis is carried out before a coastal management project, predicts costs and compares benefits
    If benefits exceed costs, projects go ahead
  142. 142What is a tangible cost/benefit?Known and can be given monetary value e.g. building costs
  143. 143What is an intangible cost/benefit?Difficult to assess but are important
    e.g. visual impact
  144. 144Define groyneTimber or rock structure built at a right angle to the coast to trap sediment from longshore drift and build up the beach
  145. 145Define sea wallStone or concrete walls at foot of cliff or top of beach, curved face to reflect waves
  146. 146Define rock armourLarge rocks at foot of cliff or top of beach, permeable barrier, breaks strong waves
  147. 147Define revetmentSloping wooden, concrete or rock structure at foot of cliff or top of beach, breaks energy of waves
  148. 148Define offshore breakwaterPart-submerged rock barrier, breaks waves before reaching a coastline
  149. 149Define beach nourishmentAddition of sand or pebbles to a beach to heighten or widen it, often dredged from nearby seabed
  150. 150Define cliff regrading and drainageReduces angle of cliff to help stabilise it, removes water, prevents landslides and slumping
  151. 151Define dune stabilisationMarram planted to stabilise dunes, can fence areas in to keep people off newly planted dunes
  152. 152Define marsh creationA form of managed retreat, allows low-lying areas to flood, turns it to a salt marsh

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GCSE Geography (Coasts) FlashCards sobre Coasts, criado por Rebecca Bailey em 27-05-2018.
Criado por
Rebecca Bailey
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