Flashcards
Digestive System
Flashcards do conjunto (143)
- 1What are the 6 Nutrients required by Animals?- Water
- Proteins
- Fats
- Carbohydrates
- Minerals
- Vitamins - 2What are the 3 stages of eating?Prehension
Mastication
Degultination - 3What is Prehension?Taking food into the mouth
- 4What is Mastication?Chewing
- 5What is Degultination?Swallowing
- 6What are the functions of the digestive system?- Receive and digest food so that the nutritional requirements of an animal can be met
- Excrete waste products - 7The process of digestion involves, what?- The movement of ingesta along the gastrointestinal tract
- Mechanical breakdown of food
- Enzymatic breakdown of food
- Absorption of nutrients
- The excretion of waste - 8Which 6 pieces of anatomy are involved in digestion in the mouth?- Lips
- Teeth
-Cheeks
- Palate
- Tongue
-Salivary Glands - 9Name the 6 main pieces of anatomy involved in digestion?- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Oesphagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large inestine - 10Name the 3 other organs involved in digestion- Liver
- Gall Bladder
- Pancreas - 11What 3 parts make up the small intestine?- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum - 12What 4 parts make up the large intestine?- Caecum
- Colon (Ascending, descending & Transverse)
- Rectum
- Anus - 13Food is digested in the form of what?Proteins
- 14Food must be broken down into smaller molecules so that it can be absorbed into what?The wall of the intestine and into the bloodstream
- 15What are the 4 sources of digestive juices that contain enzymes?- Gastric Juices
- Pancreatic Juices
- Bile Salts
- Intestinal Juices - 16What are the two types of muscular movement that break up and mix the food?Peristalsis and Rhythmic segmentation
- 17What is Peristalsis?The muscular movement that pushes food through the stomach
- 18What is Rhythmic Segmentation?The muscular movement that breaks up and mixes the food boluses
- 19What else can stimulate muscular contractions?Distension of the intestine
- 20Where does Absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream occur?From the Duodenum, onwards
- 21Where do the highest levels of absorption take place?The Duodenum and the Jejunum
- 22What is the efficiency of the process of absorption increased by?- The long length of the small intestine
- The internal surface area (Increased by the presence of the villi)
- The villus blood supply and lacteal supply - 23Mainly water and electrolytes are absorbed where?The large intestine
- 24What is defecation?The process by which animals excrete solid waste products
- 25What are the characteristics of normal Faeces?- Colour and smell characteristic of the species
- Should be "formed" not watery - 26What 6 things should faeces contain?- Water and fibre
- Dead and living bacteria
- Sloughed intestinal cells
- Mucus
- Contents of Anal sacs
- Stercobilin - 27The lips are well supplied with what gland?- Subaceous Glands
- 28What do the Sebaceous Glands Provide?Waterproofing and scent
- 29What does the Facial Nerve do?Innervates the lips and controls movement
- 30What is the function of the lips?To bring food into the mouth (Tends to be more important in herbivores)
- 31Where are the teeth embedded?In the upper and lower jaw
- 32What is the membrane covering the gum known as?The Gingival membrane or the Peridontal membrane
- 33What 2 sets of teeth does an animal get in a lifetime?- Deciduous Dentition
- Permanent Dentition - 34What are Deciduous Teeth?Milk/Temporary teeth (Present at birth and erupt through the gums as the animal grows)
- 35What are permanent teeth?Adult Teeth
- 36What 4 parts make up the tooth's structure?- Pulp Cavity
- Dentine
- Enamel
-Cement - 37What is the pulp cavity?Found in the centre of each tooth and contains blood capillaries and nerves supplying the growing tooth (Becomes smaller as the tooth develops)
- 38What is dentine?Forms the main part of the tooth
- 39What is Enamel?The shiny white outer covering
- 40What type of teeth do not have enamel?Hypsodontic teeth do not have enamel over the top/ Occlusal surface (Horse, Rabbit and rodent teeth grow continuously as the surfaces are worn down)
- 41What is cement?It holds the tooth firmly in the gum
- 42What are the 5 types of teeth?- Incisors
- Canines
- Premolars
- Molars
- Carnassials - 43What are Incisors used for?Fine nibbling, cutting and delicate grooming
They also have a single root - 44What are canines used for?Used for holding prey in the mouth
They also have a single root - 45What are Premolars used for?Shearing and Grinding
Have multiple roots - 46Premolars have a flatter surface with points known as what?Cusps or Tubercules
- 47Molars are used for what?Shearing and grinding
(Have multiple roots) - 48Carnassials (Found only in carnivores) Are found where?First lower molar and last upper premolar
(They are large and powerful) - 49What is the dental formulae?It represents the number and type of teeth present
- 50What are the cheeks lined with?Stratified Squamous epithelium
(Buccal Mucosa) - 51Which muscle controls the cheeks?Buccinator muscle
- 52What is the function of the cheeks?To move the food bolus from one side of the mouth to the other during chewing
- 53Which palate forms the roof of the mouth and consists of various bones?Hard Palate
- 54What are the bones in the hard palate covered in?Keratinised epithelium
(Protects underling structures) - 55What does the hard palate caudally merge into?The soft palate
- 56What is the soft palate lined with?Keratinised epithelium, but comprises of soft tissue - NOT BONE
- 577 Functions of the tongue?- Prehension (Taking food into mouth)
- Taste buds for the sensation of taste
- To help in the formation of a food bolus
- Lapping
- Grooming
-Vocalisation
- Heat loss through panting - 58What type of muscle does the tongue consist of?Skeletal (Striated) Muscle
- 59Which nerve controls the tongue?Hypoglossal nerve
- 60What is the tongue covered in?Keratinised mucosa, which protects it from the trauma of mastication
- 61What 6 parts does the tongue consist of?- Apex
- Body
- Root
- Median groove
- Papillae
- Frenulum - 62What is the Apex of the tongue?The tip
- 63What is the body of the tongue?the main part
- 64What is the root of the tongue?Where the tongue attaches to the mouth
- 65What is the median groove of the tongue?The central depression in the dorsal surface
- 66What is the papillae of the tongue?Small projections on the surface
(More so in cats for rough appearance)
(Some are adapted to form taste buds) - 67What is the Frenulum of the tongue?The tissue that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth
- 68What are the main 5 Salivary glands?- Parotid
-Mandibular
- Sublingual
- Zygomatic
- Buccal - 69Where is the Parotid salivary gland found?Found at the base of the ear
- 70Where is the mandibular salivary gland found?Found at the angle of the jaw
- 71Where is the sublingual salivary gland found?Underneath the tongue
- 72Where is the Zygomatic salivary gland found?Near the eye in the dog
- 73Where is the Buccal salivary gland found?Horses
- 74Where can 5 small salivary glands be found?- Lips
- Cheeks
- Tongue
- Soft Palate
- Pharynx - 75Functions of salivary glands- Moisten the mouth & lubricate
- Continuously washes the mouth & reduces levels of bacteria
Required for initial chemical and mechanical breakdown of food
- Some species have amylase in saliva to break down starch
- Saliva is produced continuously and can be altered by the autonomic nervous system - 76Name the two parts of the pharynxNasopharynx and Oropharynx
- 77Where is the Nasopharynx connected?Connected to the Caudal nasal cavities
- 78Where is the Nasopharynx connected?Connected to the caudal oral cavity
- 79What is the first stage of the swallowing reflex?Nerve impulses stimulate the nasopharynx and larynx to close and the oropharynx to open to allow food to pass through
- 80What is the second stage of the swallowing reflex?The soft plate is elevated to close off the nasopharynx (nose)
- 81What is the third stage of the swallowing relflex?The laryngeal muscles close off the larynx (airway)
- 82What is the fourth stage of the swallowing reflex?The tongue moves the bolus of food from the back of the mouth to the cranial oesophagus
- 83What is the last stage of the swallowing reflex?Peristalic waves begin to move the food down into the stomach
- 84Where does the oesophagus pass through?Down the neck, into the thorax, transverses the mediastinum, passes dorsal to the heart, through the diaphragm and into the abdomen via the oesophageal hiatus of the diagram.
- 85What kind of smooth muscle lines the oesophagus?Predominantly smooth muscle, and lined with stratified epithelium
- 86Which nerve controls peristalsis?Vagus Nerve
- 87What is the name of the muscular valve that controls the passage of ingested material?Cardiac Sphincter
- 88What are the 3 functions of the stomach?- To act as a collecting chamber for food
- Initiates the mechanical breakdown of food
- Initiates the enzymatic breakdown of food - 89Drainage is via which vein?The hepatic portal vein
- 90Blood is supplied to the stomach via which artery?The Coeliac Artery (Arises directly from the aorta)
- 91What are the 4 layers of the stomach?- Serosa
- Smooth muscle
- Submucosa
- Gastric Mucosa - 92What is the Serosa?The outer layer of the Stomach
- 93How many layers of smooth muscle are there?3
- 94What is the Gastric Mucosa?The inner layer consisting of glandular columnar epithelium covered with mucus
- 95The Gastric Mucosa has deep folds called what?Rugae, which flatter when the stomach fills
- 96What are found within the mucosa?Gastric pits consisting of cells responsible for the secretion of gastric juices
- 97What are gastric secretions stimulated by?The sight or smell of food, the act of eating and the presence of food in the stomach
- 98Where are gastric juices secreted?Gastric pits in response to the production of the hormone gastrin
- 99What 4 things do gastric juices contain?- Mucus
- Hydrochloric acid
- Pepsinogen
- Pepsin - 100Where is the mucus secreted in the gastric juices?Goblet cells, to lubricate food and protect the mucosa
- 101Where is the hydrochloric acid secreted in gastric juices?Parietal cells to break down proteins
- 102Where is Pepsinogen secreted in gastric juices?Chief cells and converted to the active enzyme pepsin by hydrochloric acid
- 103What does pepsin do?Converts protein molecules to peptides (Smaller molecules)
- 104What is the name of the dorsal part of the stomach?The fundus
- 105Where does the fundus receive food from?The oesophagus via the cardiac sphincter
- 106What do the muscular layers of the stomach do?They contract to help break down the food and move the ingesta towards the pyloric sphincter
- 107What occurs after the ingesta moves from the body of the stomach?It moves to the antrum and then enters the pylorus where it then enters the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter
- 108What is Chyme?Foodstuff passing from the stomach to the small intestine is a soup - like liquid with an acid PH
- 109Why can horses not vomit?Because the cardiac sphincter is very thick and well developed, making it difficult for the horse to regurgitate food
- 110The lining of the equine stomach is divided into;- cranial non-glandular part (in fundus)
- Caudal glandular part (in rest of stomach body) - 111What are the two functions of the small intestine?- Enzymatic digestion of food
- absorption of nutrients following digestion - 112Where does ingesta enter the small intestine?In the duodenum via the Pyloric sphincter
- 113What is the Sigmoid flexure?Where the duodenum commences ventral to the liver, then moves in a caudal direction
- 114What is the longest part of the small intestine?The jejunum
- 115Where does the Ilium meet the Large Intestine?The Ileocaecal junction
- 116How is the small intestine attached to the dorsal abdominal wall?Via a thin fibrous connection known as the mesentry
- 117What does the mesentry do?Carries blood, nervous and lymphatic supply
- 118Which artery supplies the duodenum?Coeliac Artery
- 119Which artery supplies the small intestine (apart from the duodenum)Mesenteric artery
- 120Venous drainage is via which veins?Cranial and Caudal mesenteric veins
- 121The walls of the small intestine consist of 4 layers;- Serosa
- Smooth Muscle
- Submucosa
- Mucosa - 122What is the outer layer of the small intestine called?The Serosa
- 123What is the inner layer of the small intestine called?Mucosa
- 124Where are villi located?The mucosa of the small intestine
- 125What are the small projections along the villi called?Microvilli (collectively known as the brush border)
- 126What is the function of the villi?To increase the surface area that the ingesta come into contact with
- 127What is contained in each villi?A capillary which absorbs nutrients and lacteals which absorb chyle (Milky liquid containing digested fats)
- 128What do intestinal glands do?Secrete juices that allows digestion to take place
- 129Where does the breakdown and absorption of nutrients take place?Small intestine
- 130Are intestinal juices present in the small intestine?Yes
- 131Where does bile enter the small intestine?The common bile duct
- 132Where do pancreatic juices (containing pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate) enter the small intestine?The pancreatic duct
- 133What initiates the production of the hormone secretin?The passage of chyme through the pyloric sphincter
- 134What does secretin stimulate?The secretion of intestinal juices
- 135What are intestinal juices produced by?- Brunners gland in the Duodenum
- Crypts of Lierberkuhn in the Jejunum and ileum - 136What does the enzyme Maltase do?Converts Maltose into glucose
- 137What does the enzyme Sucrase do?Converts Sucrose into glucose and fructose
- 138What does the enzyme Lactase do?Converts lactose into glucose and galactose
- 139What does the enzyme Enterokinase do?Converts Trypsinogen into trypsin which acts on peptides and other proteins to produce amino acids
- 140What does the enzyme Aminopeptidase do?Converts peptides into amino acids
- 141What does the enzyme Lipase do?Converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol
- 142What are the 7 functions of the liver?- Metabolism of carbohydrate, protein & fat absorbed from intestines
- Production of bile
- Removal of haemoglobin from old red blood cells (excreted as bilirubin in bile)
- Netralisation and destruction of drugs and toxins
- Manufacture, breakdown and regulation of hormones
- Manufacture of enzymes and proteins
- Stores iron and vitamins A,D,E and K - 143Which artrey does the liver receive blood from?Hepatic artery
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- FlashCards sobre Digestive System, criado por Hope Taylor em 04-01-2015.
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- Hope Taylor
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