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Equine and Porcine Digestive Tract
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Equine and Porcine Digestive Tract
Equine Abdominal Viscera
- simple stomach
- stomach is small in comparison to the rest of the GI tract and is designed for small and frequent meals
- midgut fermenter
- large fermentative caecum and expanded colon structure
- sensitive pH in colon
- too much grain/feed = increase in starch in the stomach that reduces the pH and kills microbes, leading to stomach ache
- poor absorption of vitamins
- byproducts of digestion and so there isn't time to absorb these nutrients before they are passed out of the colon
- Stomach
- relatively small
- Large non-glandular region
- dirty white in color
- high pH and lack of digestion/glandular excretion means that botfly larvae can thrive here and are often seen via larvae carcasses or the holes of burrows within the fundus
- saccus caecus/fundus
- stratified squamous epithelium
- blind sac
- high pH
- Glandular Region
- yellowish in color
- fundic
- production of acid and gas
- simple columnar epithelium
- Margo Plicatus
- pleated margin/ridge that separates the two regions of the stomach
- well developed oblique cardiac sphincter
- unable to vomit
- can cause gastric dilation due to a build up of gas and fermenting/non broken down ingesta
- Spleen
- sickle shaped
- base, apex, cranial and caudal border
- curved apex points cranially, found ventrally
- hilus found on the visceral side
- left side of the abdomen
- nephrosplenic ligament
- attaches the spleen to the left kidney
- gastrosplenic ligament
- attaches the spleen to the stomach, found within the greater omentum on the gastric surface
- sickle shaped
- Caecum
- right side of the abdomen
- mesenteric attachment to dorsal body wall
- patch of dorsal caecum is retroperitoneal
- apex associated with xiphoid process
- base near right paralumbar fossa
- comma shaped
- mesenteric attachment to dorsal body wall
- all ingesta passes through
- ileocaecal and caecocolic junctions
- ileum opens directly into the caecum (ileocaecal fold within the mesentery)
- 4 taeniae
- longitudinal muscular bands across the structure, creates sacculations/haustra
- large fermentation vat
- main site of fermentation in the horse
- right side of the abdomen
- Colon
- Large Colon = ascending Small Colon = transverse and descending
- Ascending
- Right Ventral Colon
- up to sternal flexure
- right up to the diaphragm
- 4 taeniae
- up to sternal flexure
- Left Ventral Colon
- up to pelvic flexure
- free standing and doesn't attach to anything
- 4 taeniae
- narrowing at flexure
- intercolic ligament only
- the LVC and LDC are only attached to each other by the intercolic ligament and so are very mobile within the abdomen
- commonly prone to left colon displacement as a result of increased mobility
- up to pelvic flexure
- Left Dorsal Colon
- 1 taeniae at flexure
- 3 taeniae cranially
- band widens from the narrow pelvic flexure
- up to diaphragmatic flexure
- sits dorsal to the sternal flexure
- Right Dorsal Colon
- up to transverse colon
- 3 taeniae
- Right Ventral Colon
- Descending
- 3 taeniae
- left side
- Rectal Examinations
- caudal third of the abdomen
- Aorta
- Base of the Caecum
- Pelvic Flexure
- faecal balls in descending colon
- LVC and LDC
- with intercolic ligament between them
- Caudal pole of the Spleen
- Left Kidney
- only the caudal aspect of the kidney in smaller horses
- Nephrosplenic Ligament
- should be able to feel the ligament and a space between the spleen and kidney (common site of left colon displacement)
- Root of Mesentery
- if the mesojejunoileum is twisted, the root of the mesentery will feel very rigid and out of place
- only feel small intestines if dilated
- simple stomach
Porcine Abdominal Viscera
- Stomach
- monogastric
- greater omentum is not very developed and has no yellow color
- no tunica flava: doesn't have the same yellow elastic fibres as seen within other large animal abdominal anatomy
- greater omentum not seen upon incision as it has not attachments to the intestines and abdominal floor
- Non Glandular Region
- stratified squamous epithelium
- Left Side of the Abdomen
- fundus and corpus on left side, related to the liver and diaphragm
- Glandular Region
- simple columnar glandular epithelium
- Cardiac
- Diverticulum
- projects caudally from the fundus, species specific
- Torus Pyloricus
- narrows the pyloric canal
- extends within the pylorus to the right side of the abdomen
- Caecum
- base near left kidney
- sweeps ventrocaudally onto left side
- species anomaly, all other species have a caecum on the right hand side
- moves along left flank
- sweeps ventrocaudally onto left side
- 3 taeniae
- base near left kidney
- Colon
- development
- twisting of colon and jejunoileum
- ascending colon twists independently
- into a conical spiral around its mesentery
- limbs develop at different rates
- as different limbs of the ascending colon develop at different rates, it causes the vortex or conical spiral to be created
- Ascending
- lies against left flank
- cone points ventrally towards the abdominal floor
- Centripetal Coils
- proximal
- outer turns
- wide and sacculated
- descending dropping down into te vertex
- Centrifugal Coils
- distal
- inner turns
- narrow and smooth
- tighter coils
- emerge dorsally, pass to the right of the root of the mesentery
- ascending curling up to the roof of the abdomen
- 2 taeniae
- development
- Spleen
- lies under LHS caudal ribs
- gastrosplenic ligament
- attaches the spleen to the stomach
- contact with diaphragm
- on the parietal surface
- ventral/caudal emergence from costal arch
- Stomach
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- Animal Disease 1 Veterinary Medicine Mind Map on Equine and Porcine Digestive Tract, created by Louise Mason on 25/02/2017.
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- Louise Mason
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