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Flashcards

Anatomy Test 3

Kelly H SLP Inglês 138 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (138)

  1. 1Instrumentation used in articulation measurement and assessmentX-ray
    Ultrasound
    fMRI
    Electropalatography
  2. 2Muscle that elevates he tongue tipSuperior longitudinal muscles
  3. 3Muscle that depresses the tongue tipInferior longitudinal muscles
  4. 4Muscles that deviate the tongue tipleft and right superior and inferior longitudinal muscles for left and right deviation
  5. 5muscles that relax the lateral margin of the tonguePosterior genioglossus for protrusion
    Superior longitudinal for tip elevation
    Transverse intrinsic for pulling sides medially
  6. 6Muscle that narrows the tongueTransverse intrinsic
  7. 7Muscles that control the deep central groove of the tongueGenioglossus for depression of the tongue body
    Vertical intrinsic for depression of the central dorsum
  8. 8Muscles that control the broad central groove of the tongueModerate genioglossus for depression of the tongue body
    Vertical intrinsic for depression of the dorsum
    Superior longitudinal for elevation of margins
  9. 9Muscles that protrude the tonguePosterior genioglossus for retraction of the tongue into the oral cavity
    Superior and inferior longitudinal for shortening of the tongue
    Styloglossus for retraction of the tongue into the pharyngeal cavity
  10. 10Superior longitudinal intrinsic muscleElevates the tongue tip
  11. 11Inferior longitudinal intrinsic muscleDepresses the tongue tip
  12. 12Posterior genioglossus muscleProtrudes the tongue
  13. 13Anterior genioglossus muscle and styloglossus muscleRetract the tongue
  14. 14PalatoglossusElevates the posterior tongue
  15. 15Transverse intrinsic muscleNarrows the tongue
  16. 16Vertical intrinsic and genioglossusRetracts the tongue
  17. 17Palatoglossus and palatopharyngeusDepresses the velum
  18. 18CricopharyngeusConstricts the esophageal opening
  19. 19Superior pharyngeal constrictorConstricts the upper pharynx
  20. 20Levator veli palatiniElevates the velum
  21. 21The __ is faster and stronger than the __Lower lip;
    Upper lip
  22. 22Motor control in the body develops from __ to __ and from __ to __Head, tail;
    Proximal, distal
  23. 23The __ theory of motor control would require the speaker to learn the sequences of motor acts required for articulation and to link these sequences of motor acts to form an articulatory movementAssociated chain
  24. 24CoarticulationThe overlapping effect of one articulatory movement on another
  25. 25Central control theoryHolds that there is a "master control" mechanism that dictates the muscle movements based on the linguistic goal
  26. 26Task dynamic theoriesGenerally see articulation as a process of achieving a goal through interaction of coordinative structures. Coordinative structures are muscle groups that, when activated, contribute to achievement of the goal at the terminal effector
  27. 27MasticationRefers to the process associated with grinding and crushing food in preparation for swallowing
  28. 28DeglutitionRefers to swallowing, which is a complex process of moving the bolus into the pharynx and propelling it into the esophagus
  29. 29Two main instruments used to asses swallowingModified barium swallow study (MBSS) and fiber endoscopic evaluation of swallowing test (FEEST)
  30. 30Modified barium swallow study (MBSS)- check facial symmetry and labial seal
    - test thin liquid, nectar-thick liquid, honey-thick liquid, puree solid, mechanical solid, and regular solid
    - have the patient try each, observe their swallowing by feeling throat as they swallow, have patient tell you if they feel anything so you can compare with your observations
    - checking for aspiration
    - check mouth after swallowing for residue
    - check how long it takes them to swallow
  31. 31Fiber endoscopic evaluation of swallowing test (FEEST)- camera inserted into the nose
    - watch patient swallow different consistencies (liquid, puree, solid)
  32. 32Four stages of swallowOral preparatory, oral transit, pharyngeal, and esophageal
  33. 33Oral preparatory stage of swallowing- food is prepared for swallowing
    - anticipate food (motivation to eat)
    - food is introduced into the mouth and kept there by occluded lips
    - lip seal requires breathing through the nose so that the tongue bunches in the back and the soft palate is pulled down to keep the food in the oral cavity
    - food is moved onto the molars for chewing
    - mixed with saliva to form a concise bolus between the tongue and hard palate
    - several muscles involved
  34. 34Oral transit stage of swallowing- bolus is moved back toward the oropharynx by the tongue
    - several processes must occur simultaneously
    - both voluntary and involuntary
    - tongue base elevates to the hard palate
    - vocal folds close to terminate respiration at about 0.1 second after initiation
    - tongue tip and dorsum move to squeeze the bolus back toward the faucial pillars
    - front to back squeezing tongue motion
  35. 35Pharyngeal stage of swallowing- begins when the bolus reaches the faucial pillars
    - soft palate and larynx have begun elevation during the transport phase and contact of the tongue with the posterior pharyngeal wall pressurizes the pharynx, propelling the bolus to the upper esophageal sphincter which has relaxed to receive the material
    - the epiglottis has dropped to partially cover the laryngeal opening, whereas the intrinsic musculature of the larynx has effected a tight seal to protect the airway
    - food passes over the epiglottis and through the pyriform sinuses to the esophagus
  36. 36Esophageal stage of swallowing- involves the peristaltic movement of the bolus through the esophagus
    - purely reflexive, not within voluntary control
    - begins when the bolus enters the esophagus
    - triggered by the distension of the upper 2cm of the esophagus by the bolus
    - bolus is transported through the esophagus to the lower esophageal sphincter by means of peristaltic constriction and gravity after 20 seconds of transit time
  37. 37OP - Orbicularis Oris- facial muscle of the oral prep phase
    - maintains oral seal
    - CN VII facial
  38. 38OP - Mentalis- facial muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates the lower lip
    - CN VII facial
  39. 39OP - Buccinator- facial muscle of the oral prep phase
    - flattens the cheeks
    - CN VII facial
  40. 40OP - Risorius- facial muscle of the oral prep phase
    - flattens the cheeks
    - CN VII facial
  41. 41OP - Massester- mandibular muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates the mandible
    - CN V trigeminal
  42. 42OP - Temporalis- mandibular muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates the mandible, retracts and protrudes the mandible
    - CN V trigeminal
  43. 43OP - Lateral pterygoid- mandibular muscle of the oral prep phase
    - protrudes and grinds the mandible
    - CN V trigeminal
  44. 44OP - Mylohyoid- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates the floor of the mouth
    - CN V trigeminal
  45. 45OP - Geniohyoid- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates the hyoid and depresses the mandible
    - CN XII hyoglossus
  46. 46OP - Digastric- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates the hyoid and depresses the mandible
    - CN V trigeminal and VII facial
  47. 47OP - Superior longitudinal- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates the tip and deviates the tip
    - CN XII hyoglossus
  48. 48OP - Inferior longitudinal- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - depresses tip and deviates tip
    - CN XII hyoglossus
  49. 49OP - Vertical- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - Cups and grooves the tongue
    - CN XII hyoglossus
  50. 50OP - Genioglossus- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - moves tongue body and cups tongue
    - CN XII hyoglossus
  51. 51OP - Styloglossus- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates posterior tongue
    - CN XII hyoglossus
  52. 52OP - Palatoglossus (T)- tongue muscle of the oral prep phase
    - elevates posterior tongue
    - CN IX, X, XI
  53. 53OP - Palatoglossus (SP)- soft palate muscle of the oral prep phase
    - depresses the velum
    - CN IX, X, XI
  54. 54OP - Palatopharyngeus- soft palate muscle of the oral prep phase
    - depresses the velum
    - CN X, XI
  55. 55OT - Massester- mandibular muscle of the oral transit phase
    - elevates the mandible
    - CN V
  56. 56OT - Temporalis- mandibular muscle of the oral transit phase
    - elevates the mandible
    - CN V
  57. 57OT - Internal pterygoid- mandibular muscle of the oral transit phase
    - elevates the mandible
    - CN V
  58. 58OT - Mylohyoid- tongue muscle of the oral transit phase
    - elevates the tongue and floor of the mouth
    - CN V
  59. 59OT - Superior longitudinal- tongue muscle of the oral transit phase
    - elevates tongue tip
    - CN XII
  60. 60OT - Vertical- tongue muscle of the oral transit phase
    - cups and grooves tongue
    - CN XII
  61. 61OT - Genioglossus- tongue muscle of the oral transit phase
    - moves tongue body and cups tongue
    - CN XII
  62. 62OT - Styloglossus- tongue muscle of the oral transit phase
    - elevates posterior tongue
    - CN XII
  63. 63OT - Palatoglossus- tongue muscle of the oral transit phase
    - elevates posterior tongue
    - CN IX, X, XI
  64. 64Masticationrefers to the process of preparing food for swallowing
  65. 65deglutitionrefers to the process of swallowing
  66. 66bolusrefers to a "ball" of food for drink
  67. 67Elements of the oral prep stage- food is received by mouth and food is impounded in mouth by lip sealing, tongue dorsum elevating, and velum depressing
    - food is moved onto molars by the tongue
    - food is mixed with saliva
    - food is formed into a bolus
    - food is removed from buccal cavity by tongue action
  68. 68Elements of the oral transit stage- tongue tip elevates to alveolar ridge
    - bolus is propelled posteriorly by squeezing action
    - bolus makes contact with faucial pillars and velum
  69. 69Elements of the pharyngeal stage- bolus enters oropharynx
    - velum elevates
    - larynx elevates
    - vocal folds adduct
    - epiglottis inverts to protect airway
    - tongue contracts posterior pharyngeal wall
    - upper esophageal sphincter opens
    - pharynx contracts with peristaltic action
  70. 70the __ reflex involves orienting toward the direction of tactile stimulation to the cheekrooting
  71. 71__ refers to "mouth region"perioral
  72. 72the __ reflex is elicited by soft contact with the lower lip and results in tongue protrusion and retractionsucking
  73. 73Differences between oral-pharyngeal anatomy and physiology on an infant and an adult- infant larynx is elevated
    - infant tongue fills greater proportion of oral cavity
    - infant hyoid is elevated and relatively forward
  74. 74the __ stage is the stage in which food is prepared for a swalloworal preparatory
  75. 75the __ stage is the stage of swallow involving the oral transit of the bolus to the pharynxoral transit
  76. 76the __ stage is the stage of swallowing involving the transit of the bolus to the esophagus and includes numerous physiological protective functionspharyngeal
  77. 77the __ stage is the stage of swallow in which food is transported from the upper esophageal region to the stomachesophageal
  78. 78peristlsisrefers to wavelike action
  79. 79Elements related to the pressures of deglutition- velum elevates
    - tongue and lips form oral seal
    - cricopharyngeus opens as larynx elevates
  80. 80refers to the sense of tastegustation
  81. 81chemoreceptoris the class of receptors that respond to chemical stimulation
  82. 82oral chemesthesisrefers to the detection of chemical that stimulate pain and thermal sense within the oral cavity
  83. 83taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is mediated by the __(VII) facial cranial nerve
  84. 84taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue is mediated by the __(IX) glossopharyngeal cranial nerve
  85. 85taste from the epiglottis and esophagus is mediated by the __(X) vagus cranial nerve
  86. 86the taste of bitterness is predominantly transmitted by the __(IX) glossopharyngeal cranial nerve
  87. 87the taste of sweetness is predominantly mediated by the __(VII) facial cranial nerve
  88. 88the taste of sourness and saltiness are predominantly mediated by the __(VII) facial cranial nerve
  89. 89oral chemesthetic sensations are mediated by the __(V) trigeminal cranial nerve
  90. 90olfactionrefers to the sense of smell
  91. 91__ corpuscles respond to minute mechanical movements in the superficial epitheliameissner's
  92. 92__ receptors transmit the sense of pressure within the superficial epitheliamerkel disk
  93. 93__ respond to rapid deep pressurepacinian corpuscles
  94. 94cells with __ endings sense stretch within the deep layers of the epitheliumruffini
  95. 95four classes of thermal receptors that mediate thermal eventshot, warm, cool, cold
  96. 96thermal sensors and pain sensors share the same morphology (T/F)true
  97. 97nociceptionrefers to the sense of pain
  98. 98muscle stretch is sensed by __muscle spindles
  99. 99facial muscles have muscle spindles (t/f)true
  100. 100golgi tendon organssense muscle tension
  101. 101salivationrefers to the production and release of saliva into the oral cavity
  102. 102the parotid glands release __ (type of saliva) into the posterior oral cavity and pharynxserous
  103. 103the sublingual glands release __ (type of saliva) into the anterior oral cavitymucus
  104. 104the __ reflex involves rotary motion of the muscles of masticationchewing
  105. 105the __ reflex involves elevation of the soft palateuvular (palatal)
  106. 106the __ reflex involves evacuation of the contents of the stomachvomit
  107. 107the __ reflex involves contracting the muscles of adduction and forcefully blowing them open to expel foreign matter from the respiratory passagewaycough
  108. 108functions of the pinna- aid in the localization of sound in space
    - "Capture" sound energy
  109. 109features of the external auditory meatus (EAM)- 7mm in diameter and 2.5cm long
    - s-shaped
    - headed toward the tympanic membrane
    - at the juncture of the osseous and cartilaginous EAM you could take a turn down (note two constrictions: 1) marks the end of the cartilaginous portion and the beginning of the osseous EAM and 2) is the isthmus)
  110. 110features of the tympanic membrane- marks the boundary between the outer and middle ear
    - completely separates the two spaces
    - extremely thin three-layered sheet of tissue
    - the epithelial lining of the EAM continues as the external layer of the TM
    - the lining of the middle ear provides the inner layer
    - sandwiched between these two delicate epithelial linings is a layer of fibrous tissue that provides structure for the TM (two layers: radial and circular fibroelastic)
    - 5mm in area
    - landmarks: umbo, cone of light, pars flaccida, anterior and posterior malleolar folds
  111. 111features of the middle ear- small space
    - occupied by 3 of the smallest bones of the body
    - ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
    - ossicular chain provides the means for transmission of acoustic energy impinging on the tympanic membrane
  112. 112membranous labyrinth- the membranous labyrinth can be thought of as a fluid-filled sac
    - rests within the cavity of the osseous labyrinth
    - this sac does not completely fill the labyrinth but forms an additional space within the already fluid-filled region
    - the cochlear duct forms a small portion of the membranous labyrinth and contains fluid of a slightly different composition from that of the region surrounding the duct
    - this fluid in the cochlear duct is called endolymph
  113. 113innervation pattern from the organ of corti- hair cells of the cochlea receive both afferent and efferent innervation
    - afferent (carrying toward, each inner hair cell is connected to as many as 10 VIII vestibulocochlear nerve fibers --> many-to-one innervation, each outer hair shares its innervation with 10 other outer hair cells all innervated by the same VIII nerve fiber --> one-to-many innervation)
    - efferent (carrying away from, the efferent innervation of the outer hair cells is inhibitory, reducing the afferent output caused by hair cell stimulation)
  114. 114the ear is a __ in that is converts acoustical energy into electrochemical energytransducer
  115. 115the __ serves the function of sound collectionouter ear
  116. 116the __ meatus is a conduit for sound reaching the tympanic membraneexternal auditory
  117. 117the __meatus is a conduit for the VIII nerve fibers coursing to the brainsteminternal auditory
  118. 118the tympanic membrane (or eardrum) is made up of __ layers of tissuethree
  119. 119the outer layer of the tympanic membrane is continuous with the __epithelium of the external auditory meatus
  120. 120the __ layer of the tympanic membrane is made up primarily of radiating fibersintermediate (fibrous)
  121. 121umbolandmark produced by the most distal part of the manubrium malli
  122. 122malleusthe bone of the middle ear directly attached to the tympanic membrane
  123. 123stapesthe bone of the middle ear directly communicating with the oval window
  124. 124manubrium (handle) of the malleusattaches to the tympanic membrane
  125. 125footplate of the stapesarticulates with the oval window
  126. 126stapedius musclepulls the stapes posteriorly
  127. 127tensor tympani musclepulls the malleus anteromedially
  128. 128vestibulethe entryway to the cochlea and vestibular system is via this space
  129. 129osseous (bony) labyrinththe system of cavities within bone that houses the membranous labyrinth
  130. 130the scala __ and scala __ are incomplete spaces within the osseous labyrinthvestibuli; tympani
  131. 131the __ window provides communication between the scala tympani and the middle earround
  132. 132the __ window permits communication between the scala vestibuli and the middle ear spaceoval
  133. 133the __ is a fluid-filled sac attached to the walls of the osseous labyrinth and is filled with endolymphmembranous labyrinth
  134. 134__ membrane separates the scala vestibuli from the scala mediareissner's
  135. 135__ membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympanibasilar
  136. 136there is/are __ rows of outer hair cells and __ row(s) of inner hair cells3; 1
  137. 137the __ separates the outer and inner hair cellstunnel of corti
  138. 138the hair cells are innervated by the __(VIII) vestibulocochlear CN

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SLP FlashCards sobre Anatomy Test 3, criado por Kelly H em 06-04-2021.
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Kelly H
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