Flashcards
Upper GI tract
Flashcards do conjunto (119)
- 1What are the 6 main functions of the mammalian GI tract?Ingestion of food
Secretion of fluid and digestive enzymes
Mixing and movement through the body
Digestion of food into smaller pieces
Absorption of nutrients
Excretion of wastes - 2Where is the division from the upper and lower GI tract according to Clinicians?Small intestines
- 3What are the 3 sections of the GI tract according to embryologists?Upper
Mid
Lower/hind - 4Carnivores have what kind of stomach?Monogastric
- 5What is present in the stomachs of monogastric organisms that helps to digest fibrous material?Bacteria
- 6Is the break down of fibrous material efficient in monogastric organisms?No
- 7In what section of the GI tract does fermentation occur for ruminants?Fore-stomach
- 8In what section of the GI tract does fermentation occur for simple- stomached herbivores?Large intestines
- 9What is present in the large intestines of simple-stomached herbivores that allows fermentation to occur?Fungi/bacteria
- 10Why do herbivores utilise microbial fermentation?Because structural carbohydrates aren't digested by mammalian enzymes.
- 11Where is the integrator for all of the energy balance concept?Hypothalamus
- 12If there is a behavioural change of hunger, what has stimulated the need to take in calories?Hypothalamus
- 13What are the actions taken if there aren't any calories taken in?Decrease in activity
Decrease in growth repair
Decrease in cellular metabolism - 14What is an example of a long term energy balance regulated by the hypothalamus?An increase in the amount of the hormone leptin. Increases the amount of white adipose tissue and so dulls the desire to eat.
- 15Over a period of time what is stabilised by the amount of leptin and white adipose tissue produced?A stable fat reserve
- 16Where are the receptors to the hormone leptin?Hypothalamus
- 17Short term regulation of energy balance are regulated by ?The hypothalamus
- 18Give an example of what the hypothalamus does to short term regulate the energy balance directly.Regulates the blood glucose concentration/ blood amino acid concentration
- 19What does NTS stand for?Nucleus Tractus Solitarius
- 20What short term regulations go via the NTS?Stretch receptors in the stomach cause a decrease in ghrelin.
Small bowel (products of digestion) cause an increase of CCK &GLP-1. - 21What is found in the serosa layer of the GI tract?Peritoneum
- 22In what layer are longitudinal and circular musculature found?Muscularis
- 23Name 4 things that are found in the submucosa layer.Nerve cell network
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
Glands - 24What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?Moves villi in the mucosa layer above
- 25What does contraction of the muscles in the gut do to the lumen?Make it narrower
- 26Name 5 things that are found in the Lamina Propria.Epithelium
Connective tissue
Venule
Nerve
Arteriole
Lymphatic - 27What makes up the mucosa section with lamina propria?Muscle layer (muscularis mucosa)
- 28Where are submucosal glands found in the gut?Early in the small intestines
- 29What is the function of submucosal glands?Secrete bicarbonate ions to help neutralise the solution that has come from the stomach. (Make it slightly alkaline)
- 30What 3 things help to increase the surface area of the gut for absorption and secretion?Large ridges (folding of mucosa)
Villi
Microvilli - 31How often are the cells that line the surface of the gut regenerated?Every 2/3- 7 days
(longest 1 week survival) - 32What type of epithelium are found lining the small intestines?Columnar epithelial cells with a brush border (microvilli)
- 33What can't be resolved using a light microscope but comes out looking fuzzy?Microvilli
- 34What type of cell, which are found within the epithelium cells, secrete mucous into the gut?Goblet cells
- 35Where would lymph vessels be found within a villi?In the centre
- 36What is the function of epithelium cells that are found within the crypt of the small intestine?Secretion
- 37What is the function of epithelium cells that are found within the villi of the small intestine?Absorption
- 38Where are the epithelium cells mad in the small intestines?Crypt
- 39Over 24 hours how much will the GI tract secrete and absorb back from it?Many times the blood volume
- 40All the secretion and absorption is said to what the food in the gut?Wash
- 41What is the substance that is secreted by the crypt epithelium?Mainly plasma like substance
- 42What happens to the villi that are present in the lumen of the gut when pathogens damage them?Blunt them (shorten them) which reduces their absorptive function.
- 43What is caused by the blunting of the villi in the small intestines?Diarrhoea, due to the villi not being able to absorb substances the same.
- 44What happens to the epithelium as they migrate from the crypt to the villi?Change the function. Go from being secretive to absorptive.
- 45What organ do all of the veins, within the abdomen, drain back through?Liver
- 46What does the liver do to the blood before it goes back into circulation?Removes things out of the portal blood that shouldn't make it into the circulation.
- 47Do short or long reflexes stay contained within the nervous control of the gut?Short
- 48Long reflexes go out to the CNS which allows it to?Alter the neural drive of the gut
- 49Name 3 parts of the nervous system that helps to coordinate functions of the gut.CNS
ANS
Enteric (nervous tissue within the wall of the gut) - 50Apart from the nervous system, name 2 other systems that help to coordinate the function of the gut.Paracrine substances (act locally)
Hormones (secreted into the blood and act systemically) - 51What does the CNS directly innervate within the GI tract?Nerve plexus
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Stomach
(Fore stomach of ruminants functionally reliant on ANS) - 52What are the 4 sections of a simple stomach?Cardia
Fundus
Corpus/Body
Pylorus - 53What are the gastric pits/deep invaginations for?Increases surface area for secretion
- 54What is above the epithelial surface of the stomach?Stomach cavity
- 55Why do different species have different shaped stomachs?Reflects the diet and habits of the animal.
- 56What do parietal cells secrete in the stomach?Acid (HCl)
- 57What do chief cells secrete in the stomachPepsin
- 58What secretes hormones into the stomach?Endocrine cells
- 59From the top to the bottom of the gastric pits, give the order of cells that will be found. (inside of stomach to outside)Mucin producing cells
Parietal cells
ECl cells
Chief cells
Endocrine cells and scattered through the pits - 60What are the 2 functions of the stomach?Cytostatic
Initial digestion of protein - 61What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal - 62Which of the 3 phases of gastric secretion is regulated by the autonomic (vagus)?Cephalic
- 63What occurs during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?Start to feel hungry (a smell etc.)
secretion would start due to regulation by the brain. - 64Which phase include stretch receptors directly stimulating gastrin release and so stimulating a reflex?Gastric phase
- 65As well as the stretch receptors, what else can cause the gastric phase to be initiated?Products of digestion, causing the release of gastrin
- 66The intestinal phase is the movement of food from where to where?Stomach to the small intestines
- 67What causes the signals to be amplified with the gastric phase?Food
- 68What are the 3 receptors needed for stimulation of the parietal cell secretion?ACh -from vagus nerve
Gastrin -from GI cells (vagus and mechanically stimulated)
Histamine- from ECL cells (gastrin stimulated) - 69What is the proper term used to describe the receptors that work together to secrete more?Synergistically
- 70What are the 2 things that are able to physiologically inhibit parietal cell secretion?Somatostatin (gut hormone)
Low pH - 71How does a low pH inhibit the secretion from parietal cells?Inhibits the release of gastrin (negative feedback)
- 72What are 2 pharmacological inhibitions of parietal cell secretion?Histamine receptor (type 2) blockage (Zantac)
Proton Pump inhibitors - 73Which is the most modern pharmacological way to inhibit the secretion of parietal cells?Proton pump inhibitors
- 74If the potassium channels in the apical membrane of the parietal cell is blocked what will happen to the acid (HCl) secretion?It will be greatly reduced due to potassium ions being obligatory.
- 75What is the function of mucus and bicarbonate secretion?Protection
- 76Will bicarbonate ions diffuse through the mucus layer?No
- 77What is the pH gradient across the mucus layer form the top of the cells to the inside of the stomach?pH7- pH2
- 78What is mucus?Thick sticky substance, that is a glycoprotein.
- 79Glycoproteins are resistant to what?Enzymes
- 80Where does the HCO3/Cl exchange occur?With the blood
- 81What secretion do catecholamines (stress) and aspirin (and other non-steroidal drugs) depress?Mucus and bicarbonate
- 82What is the contractile tissue in the GI tract?Smooth muscle
- 83What is motility?The region specific patterns of contraction
- 84What does motility relate to?The function of the section of the GI tract (mixing, propulsion)
- 85What regulates and coordinates the motility?Enteric NS, hormones, ANS
- 86What causes the smooth muscle to contract and relax within the GI tract?Change in membrane potential
- 87What does this definition describe? "Involuntary and forceful removal of contents of stomach and small bowel via the oral cavity"Vomiting (emesis)
- 88What is the technical term for vomiting?Emesis
- 89What does CTZ stand for?Chemical trigger zone
- 90Where is the vomiting centre located?Medulla
- 91What do psychological factors travel along to get to the vomiting centre?Cerebral cortex
- 92Opiates, anaesthetics, ipec and urea go through where and then to the vomiting centre?CTZ
- 93The vagus nerve takes what to the vomiting centre?Bacterial, viral toxins/ distension
- 94The vestibular apparatus is the intermediate for what to the vomiting centre?Motion or infection
- 95What are 3 divisions of cause of vomiting?Normal physiology
Chemical
Pathology - 96What are 2 reasons for normal physiology of vomiting?Normal voiding of indigestible items from stomach (eg hair, bone)
Over-distension of the stomach - 97What species does over distension of the stomach normal occur?Dog
- 98What are the 2 forms of the chemical division?Iatrogenic (medicine)
Intoxication (pathogens) - 99What are the most commonly used drugs to make you vomit?Opioids
- 100Name an enteric pathogen.Worms (eg heart worm)
- 101What form of chemical division acts from within the lumen or centrally (after absorption)?Bacterial or viral toxins
- 102What is a portosystemic shunt?Blood bypassing the liver and going straight into the systemic circulation
- 103Name 4 pathological reasons for vomiting?Inflammation or ulceration of the stomach
Elevated blood urea or ammonia
Infections of GI tract
Blockade of the small or large bowel - 104Elevated blood urea or ammonia from the liver or kidney origin is indicative of?Portosystemic shunt (PPS)
- 105Which species are unable to vomit?Rodents
Horses
Rabbits
Foxes (?) - 106Which species is unable to vomit for partly anatomical reasons?Horses
- 107What species are unable to vomit partly due to neuroanatomical reasons?Rodents
- 108What is the anatomical reason for horses not being able to vomit?The stomach is in a position in the abdomen that makes it difficult to aspirate.
- 109What does it mean by saying that rodents can't vomit due to neuroanatomical reasons?They have lost the ability to through evolution.
- 110Give 4 examples of emetics.Apomorphine
Xylazine
Hydrogen peroxide
Syrup of ipecac - 111Give 4 examples of anti-emitics.Metoclopramide
Maropitant
Atropine
Scopolamine - 112During vomiting, what generates the required pressure?Abdomen
- 113What are the 3 main divisional consequences of vomiting?Physiological
Behavioural
Pancreatitis - 114What are the 2 main sections of the physiological consequence of vomiting?Significant fluid loss (dehydration and cardiovascular impairment)
Loss of acid (body increasingly alkaline/metabolic alkalosis) - 115What is an example of a behavioural change due to vomiting?Avoidance of a certain food
- 116How can the avoidance of food be used to train?Add an emetic to the specific food item and then repeated vomiting from the same food will cause a block to that food.
- 117What species is pancreatitis quite common in?Cats
- 118How can pancreatitis be diagnosed?Presence of pancreatic enzymes in the blood.
- 119How does pancreatitis occur?Results from reflux of the contents into the pancreatic duct due to high abdominal pressure.
Informações
- Descrição
- BVSc 1. Alimentary and Renal (Physiology) FlashCards sobre Upper GI tract, criado por Rachael Jones em 23-01-2016.
- Criado por
- Rachael Jones · jan 2016
- Atualizado
- 6 abr 2018
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