Flashcards
development and globalisation
Flashcards do conjunto (155)
- 1GDPis the total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
- 2GNIis the total value of goods and services people of that nationality produce a year
GDP + money from people living abroad - 3what are the two measures a country can use for economic growthGDP
GNI - 4social changes can be measured by...IMR
PPD - 5IMRis the number of babies who die under 1 year per 000s babies born
- 6PPDpeople per doctor
is the average number of people for each doctor - 7how can development measures have limitations-can be misleading when used on their own because they're averages
-some aspects develop before others so it might seem like a country is more developed than it actually is
-using HDI avoids these problems - 8HDIis the number that's calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, education level and income per capita
- 9how can you classify how developed a country islate 60s- into first, second, third world
first-capitalist
second-communists
third-every other country
80s- economical developed so MEDCS and LEDCS - 10NICsthese are rapidly getting richer as their economy is moving from being based on primary industry to secondary
BRAZIL MEXICO - 11LDCsthese are the poorest, least developed countries in the world
CHAD - 12economic characteristics of an LDC-low incomes (GNI is less than $745)
-poor trade links (0.4% account for world trade)
-high levels of debt (high interest rates)
-trade in low profit goods- export primary products - 13social characteristics of an LDClimited health care- Ethiopia over 30000 ppD
-high IMR (Ethiopia 2010 75:1000)
-high levels of malnutrition (Ethiopia 46%)
-high no. of people infect by diseases (Ethiopia 9 million)
-low levels of education (primary school attendance 45% between 2005-10)
-low literacy rates (30%) - 14demographic characteristics of an LDC-low life expectancy (2012 was 56)
-much high birth rate than death rate (2012 42:11)
-rapid population growth - 15political characteristics of an LDC-dont have democratic government (1994 Ethiopia communist)
-political corruption (Ethiopia 2005 vote rigging), keeping money
-badly affceted by war and conflict (1998-00)
-during times of conflict less money is spent on development - 16cultural characteristics of an LDC-inequality between men and women or between other social or ethnic groups
(between 2005-10 30% men attending secondary school 23% women) - 17what can national groupings do reasons for1.increase security and promote peace
2.promote development
3.benefit all economies - 18how can national groupings benefit all economies1.agree to reduce trade barriers (import and export taxes) which increases trade
2.larger market
3.comparative advantage (countries can specialise) - 19how can national groupings promote development1.can work together to tackle development issues
2. 2000 MDGs - 20how can national groupings to increase security and promote peace1. countries working to together are less likely to fight with each other
2.agree to policies between them to increase regional security as well as global
ASEAN ban nuclear weapons - 21global groupings advantages1. increased economic development
2. increased quality of life
3.provide support or declining regions or industries EU
4.can move freely to work EU
5.better global representation
6. reduced risk of conflict
7.improve global security NATO peacekeeping - 22global groupings disadvantages1.some groups, decisions are made centrally, so member states can lose control
2.individual countries may lose out when they have to share resources
3. can reduce trade outside the grouping
4. richer members have to support poorer members UK £4 bn to Portugal - 23EU background facts-help to recover after the second world war
-aims to ensure peace, improve economic development
-6 members in 1957 to 27 members in 2007 - 24EU positive impacs-trade has increased between European countries (2002 23% of UK GDP came from EU trade)
-euro has made it easier to trade
-no uncertainty on exchange rates
-EU supports some industries CAP
-increased security from external threats
-move freely - 25EU negative impacts-joining can be expensive, have to meet a certain criteria
-share resources common fisheries policy
-policies like CAP can have a negative impact on countries outside the EU
-increased immigration with the EU, lack of skilled workers in Eastern
-can reduce independence - 26what is globalisationis the process of the world's economies, political systems and culture becoming more strongly connected with each other
- 27give examples of something that has caused globalisation to accelerate since the 1980s-improvements in telephone networks, made it cheaper and easier
-rapid spread of e-mail and the internet allow large amounts of information to be exchanges instantly
-global transport, high speed rail networks, larger and faster ships, larger cargo planes and lost cost airlines - 28four factors which promote globalisation1.flows of capital
2.flows of production
3.flows of services
4.flows of people - 29flows of capitalcapital is money which is invested
-historically, mostly invested within a country
-now increased amount of capital in foreign countries
-improvements in information and communication technology
-making the world more interconnected - 30flows of production-historically, manufacturing were located in more developed countries
-recent decades, maufacturing in developed countried decreased (UK 5m 1985 to 3m 2009)
-labour costs
-international trade is increasing (UK £200bn 1990 to £550bn 2008)
-interconnected - 31flows of services-improvements in ICT has allowed services to become global industries
-services can be split into high level and low level
-high levels in MDC London - 32flows of people-more people moving to different countries (international migration has doubled since 1975)
-some migrants are highly skilled
-unskilled workers move for higher wages or unemployment in their own - 33marketingis the process of promoting and selling products and services
- 34global marketinginvolves treating the world as one single market and using one or more strategy to advertise a product
- 35what is a TNCtrans-national cooperation
are companies that produce, sell or are located in two or more countries
SONY manufacture in CHINA, JAPAN and sell many in the USA and UK - 36give reasons for the growth of TNCs-TNCs can make products cheaply as they can move production where costs are low
-operate in countries where labour or environmental laws are less strict
-get around trade barriers
-shift production to different areas to maximize profits
-take advantages of differences in government policies - 37TNCs have positive and negative impacts on the country of ORIGIN ECONOMIC-profits come back to shareholders
-skilled employment (finance)
-unemployment as they move for cheaper labour etc
-wider decline in area, smaller disposable income - 38TNCs have positive and negative impacts on the country of ORIGIN SOCIAL-increased range in products available in shops, produce things in bulk, they can stock products which smaller companies cant afford
-high unemployment leads to social problems like crime - 39TNCs have positive and negative impacts on the country of ORIGIN ENVIRONMENTALdecline in local manufacturing industry may reduce pollution
- 40TNCs have positive and negative impacts on the HOST country ECONOMIC-increased employment creates wealth
-increased economic activity leads to more economic activity (multiplier effect)
-cause local businesses to shut down by out-competing
-lot of the profits can be sent back to the origin country - 41TNCs have positive and negative impacts on the HOST country SOCIAL-may invest in social developments
-more skilled workforce
-bring new technologies and working methods
-exploiting workforce
-managerial positions filled by the origin country
-urbanization
-little consideration for the host country as decisions usually made in origin country - 42TNCs have positive and negative impacts on the HOST country ENVIRONMENTAL-may use or invest in environmentally friendly technologies
-manufacturing can cause pollution
-environmental laws less strict
-agricultural land or wildlife habitats can be lost - 43primary industryextracting natural resources
(shell extracts and trades oil and gas) - 44secondary industrymaking material goods
(toyota manufactures vehicles) - 45tertiaryproviding services
(aviva provides insurance services) - 46TNCs have grown rapidly figures1970=7000 TNCs
2012=80000 TNCs - 47why have TNCs grown rapidly-make products cheaply because they can move production to a country where costs are low
-advantages of gov policies
-get around trade barriers
-labour and environmental laws are less strict - 48TNC CASE STUDY WALMART background-began in 1962
-some Walmart stores continue trading under their own name eg ASDA
-manufacturing carried out where costs are low
-starting to expand into NICS, which have huge markets INDIA - 49TNC CASE STUDY WALMART accelerate globalisation-links countries through the flow of money, people, trade and information
1.gives customers everything they need all under one roof at low cost
2.retained a local approach by buying local companies GEORGE_ASDA - 50TNC CASE STUDY - WALMART impacts on USA SOCIAL-wide choice
-open 24 hours
-poorly paid with few benefits, thus has to rely on state benefits (2004-$86million)
-poor working conditions (2005-$172 million denied meal breaks) - 51TNC CASE STUDY - WALMART impacts on USA ENVIRONMENTAL-huge amount of greenhouse gases BUT has opened green stores that run on renewable energy
-domestic stores are usually out of town, and very large
causes traffic and pollution - 52TNC CASE STUDY - WALMART impacts on USA ECONOMIC-new stores creates new jobs (VINELAND 2009- 700 jobs)
-low prices
-decline in manufacturing in the USA
-loss of local businesses
-lose jobs from local businesses (100 created 50 lost - 53TNC CASE STUDY - WALMART impacts on HOST ENVIRONMENTAL-invests in environmentally friendly technologies and sustainable development (PUERTO RICO, solar planes)
-uses large areas of land
(HAWAIIA 29000) - 54TNC CASE STUDY - WALMART impacts on HOST SOCIAL-offers skilled job in LDCs
-offer a more reliable wage
-working conditions maybe poor
-long working hours (Bangladesh max 60 hours)
-WALMART donates millions to improve health and environment in countries it operates (Argentina $77000 local projects, 29 soup kitchens feeding 12000 people) - 55nicscountries that are rapidly getting richer as their economies change from being based on primary industry to secondary in some cases tertiary
- 56examples of NICSHONG KONG< SINGAPORE< SOUTH KOREA< TAIWAN
ASIAN TIGERS - 57reasons for growth of Asian tigers-investment from TNCs
-set up manufacturing because
1.chaep workforce
2.low cost and availability of raw materials and lands
3.resonable standard of infrastructure
4.favourable government policies
5.reduced trade tariffs
6.less strict on environmental, labour and planning laws - 58how do they create new NICs-Asian tigers become more wealthier, becomes more expensive to produce things
-began to move production to other LDCs
-new TNCs grew out of the Asian tigers SAMSUNG- SOUTH KOREA
-created a second wave of NICs - 59CASE STUDY NIC CHINA-since 1970s rapid growth (GNI rose from $180 in 1978 to $2940 2010)
-reducing tariffs and taxes
-encouraging private growth of private businesses
-foreign investment was encouraged
-greater investment in education
-investment in infrastructure
-2001 joined WTO - 60CASE STUDY NIC CHINA negative impacts of rapid industrialisation-wider gap between the rich and poor
-environmental problems
-acid rain in industrial areas
-air pollution
-working conditions are poor
(130 injured by toxic chemical at a factory in Suzhou making for APPLE INC - 61some nics have developed in the service centres-many service industries such as financial services, IT services, sale services have become globalised
-many services can be located anywhere
-economic growth in some NICs is based on investment in service industries - 62NICs attractive to investment in services...-skilled, educated workforce
-low labour costs
-good communications
-favourable government policies
-expanding domestic markets - 63NICs INDIA-rapid economic growth, grown by 7% since 1997
-1990s made economic reforms to reduce barriers to trade and encourage foreign direct investment - 64NICs INDIA why it has succeeded-English is a widely spoken language and understood
-low labour costs
-extensive communications network
-highly educated and technically skilled workers (3mn graduates, 500000 engineering) - 65two main ways the service industry has grown in INDIA1.local companies in the service industries grew as they supplied foreign TNCS
2.TNCs relocated service areas of their business to India (call centre) - 66local companies in the service industries grew as they supplied foreign TNCS INDIA-80s and 90s Indian IT professionals went over to the UK or US to work for western companies. when they returned to India they understood what developed countries needed
-low cost labour - 67TNCs relocated service areas of their business to India (call centre) INDIA-availability of a skilled, English speaking workforce
-TNCs can save money ( India 2003 salary £1200, UK £12500) - 68growth of the service industries has had a negative impacts-growth is from foreign investment by TNCs so the profits leave the country
-benefits and employment opportunities are mostly only available to the educated middle classes, which increases the poverty gap - 69new marketsare countries which are opening up to international trade and investment
eg by removing trade barriers such as tariffs
CHINA< INDIA< BRAZIL - 70why are new markets important-china has been responsible for 20% of global economic growth since 2000
- 71what is a driving force behind world economic growthnew technologies
- 72example of new technologiesimproved computer hardware such as CAM has increased manufacturing efficiency
-work done by computers is faster and more consistent than people doing it - 73short term aidmoney or resources to help recipient countries cope with emergencies
eg earthquakes - 74long term aidmoney or resources to help recipient countries become more developed
improve health care - 75'top down' aidwhen an organisation or government receives the aid and decides where it should be spent. this is usually the case on large infrastructure projects
building dams for HEP - 76'bottom up' aidwhen money is given directly to local people
build a well- often used by NGO's - 77problems with aid as a route to development-some recipients don't use aid effectively because they have corrupt governments
-delivering aid is difficult, when infrastructure is poor
-bilateral aid can be tied so given with conditions, has to buy the goods and services it needs from the donor country
-can become dependant on aid - 78trade benefits-increasing economic growth, creates employment and generates wealth, rise in GDP, and living standards
-increasing amount on social development
-increasing amount on development projects - 79trade problems-LDC cant compete in a global market, if they don't have the money to invest in technological developments that reduce production
-other problems HIV/AIDS and conflict
-wages may be low
-export primary products (less reliable)
-dependant on trading one product like coffee or cotton - 80development issues SUDAN background-one of the poorest countries in Africa
-long periods of civil war and conflict still a big challenge
-GDP grew by 4.7% in 2010
-poverty is widespread 46.5% - 81aid in SUDAN-2007 received over $2bn of aid, 70% was humanitarian to cope with food shortages
-2008, World Food Programme provided food aid to 6 million people
-invest in education and health services
US agency for international development funded 140 primary, 5 secondary schools - 82trade in sudan-sudan had a trade deficit 90s
-99 started exporting oil, first trade surplus
$1.4 bn in 2011
-profits from oil aren't funding development
-in the process of joining the WTO - 83what is the MDG?MDG are aimed at reducing global poverty.
The MDG were agreed in 2000 by a UN Summit.
Each of the 8 goals has a number of targets linked to it. These are to be achieved by 2015
not binding and there are no penalties for not meeting them. - 84sustainable tourismcentre parcs
- 85centre parcs how much carbon did they reduce2011-2012 centre parcs reduced there carbon footprint by 7.3% which is a reduction of 4,572 tonnes of carbon emissions.
- 86centre parcs how did they reduced their carbon-Adding LED light bulbs to all there parks
-solar panels in 3
-£1millions spent on new boilers and a combined heat and power unit at Whinfell Forest
-2011 Centre Parcs were joint no.1, with 19 other companies, in the carbon reduction commitment - 87centre parcs future plans-trying to get 10% of their energy from renewable sources
-aiming for a carbon neutral expansion of there parks and are trying to reduce the impact of the expansion. - 88centre parcs new site-set to start work on its fifth park this year, in the county of Bedfordshire.
-host 625 forest lodges, a 75-bed hotel, a swimming pool, a lake and other leisure facilities and will cost around £250million - 89centre parcs new site- disadvantagesAbout 10 per cent of the trees in the forest will be cut down to make way for the project but it will plant 40 acres of trees elsewhere to offset the impact
- 90centre parcs biodiversityWildlife Trust Biodiversity Benchmark award for the management of there villages.
-Forest Stewardship Council, (FSC) certification for the management of woodlands - 91centre parcs charity workstrong background of charitable support, offering donations in both financial terms and gifts in kind
Great Ormond Street Hospital Children’s Charity When You Wish Upon a Star
The Willow Foundation - 92BRICBRAZIL
INDIA
RUSSIA
CHINA
fast-growing developing economies - 93BRIC What is their position?Account for more than a quarter of the world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population
- 94BRIC FUTURE OF THEMBRICs are rapidly
developing and by the year 2050 will OVER COME most of the current richest countries
-By 2025 they could account for over half the size of the G7. Currently they are worth less than 15%.
-40 years, the BRICs’ economies
together could be larger than the G7 in US dollar - 95BRIC Where will their global power come from?-China will be the biggest supplier of manufactured goods
-India will be the dominant global suppliers of services
-Brazil and Russia would become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials.
-Brazil is dominant in soy and iron ore
-Russia has enormous supplies of oil and natural gas - 96globalisation positive impactsInward investment by TNCs helps countries by providing new jobs and skills for local people.
TNCs bring wealth and foreign currency to local economies when they buy local resources, products and services. The extra money created by this investment can be spent on education, health and infrastructure.
The sharing of ideas, experiences and lifestyles of people and cultures. People can experience foods and other products not previously available in their countries.
Globalisation increases awareness of events in far-away parts of the world. For example, the UK was quickly made aware of the 2004 tsunami tidal wave and sent help rapidly in response.
Globalisation may help to make people more aware of global issues such as deforestation and global warming - and alert them to the need for sustainable development. - 97globalisation negative impacts-Globalisation operates mostly in the interests of the richest countries, which continue to dominate world trade at the expense of developing countries.
-There are no guarantees that the wealth from inward investment will benefit the local community. Often, profits are sent back to the MEDC where the TNC is based.
-Industry may begin to thrive in LEDCs at the expense of jobs in manufacturing in the UK and other MEDCs, especially in textiles
-An absence of strictly enforced international laws means that TNCs may operate in LEDCs in a way that would not be allowed in an MEDC.
-Globalisation is viewed by many as a threat to the world's cultural diversity - 98Four factors that promote GlobalisationFlows of capital
Flows of production
Flows of services
Flows of people - 99what is the development gapis the divide between rich and poor
richest 20%, consume 80% of all resources
poorests 20%, earn only 1.3% of global income - 100how can we narrow the gap-millennium development goals
MDG, by 2015 - 101effects of rapid industrialization ECONOMIC-raise stands of living
-benefits the government rather than people
-change in labour force
-growth of urban infrastructure
-increased competition for land, raising land prices - 102effects of rapid industrialization socialrural:-social imbalance
-pop change
-decline in traditional values
-poor welfare
urban:-high rates of crime
-low levels of service
-political and social unrest
-concentration of unemployed and poor in shanty towns - 103effects of rapid industrialization environmental-resource exploiation
-rivers polluted
-air pollution
-unsafe working practices
-urban blight
-limited environmental legislation - 104CHINA manufacturingautomobile has grown since 2000
-exported 9m in 2007
machinery and electronics have became chinas main exports - 105CHINA energy production80% fossil fuels
17% hep
3% nuclear - 106china tourism2005=service sector produced 40.3% of GDP
hosting the olympic games 2008
-chinas tourism will take up 8.6% of world market - 107india-second largest English speaking country
-adaptability to new technologies
-2.5 million technical professionals
-stable demographic environment - 108india ICT city BANGALORE-first to set up engineering colleges
-technology univerity
-promote IT with grants and tax incentives
-1991 software park
-best telecom infrastructure
-9 development parks - 109free trade areaagree to abolish tariffs and quotas
trade between themselves
NAFTA - 110customs unionsoperate a tariff on imports from outside the group
SOUTH AMERICAN REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENT - 111economic unionsadopt common policies
abolish tariffs and quotas
EU - 112mercosurfree movement of labour and capital
EU - 113naftausa mexico
canada - 114aseansouth east asian nations
- 115NAFTAjan 1, 1994
worlds largest free trade
$17 trillion of goods and services
links 444million people
trade tripled between members to over $900 billion - 116NAFTA advantages-tripled trade in less than 20 years
-US exports increased by $310bn in 2007
-services quadrupled between 03-07
-farm exports benefited from lower Mexican tariffs, grew by 156% - 117NAFTA disadvantages-destroyed american jobs, lowering wages
-took adv of lower labour costs
-rural Mexican farmers could not compete
-more than a million farmers out of business
-farmers which remained had to use more fertilizers - 118tnc COCA COLA BACKGROUND-NO1 manufacturer of soft drinks
-head quaters in arlanta georgia USA
-sell nearly 400 different products in more than 200 countries
-70% sales are generated outside of North America - 119tnc COCA COLA positive impacts on the host-runs community schemes in africa and south east asia
-invested $1.5bn to russia economy
-provided 4000 Vietnamese women with the merchandise, training and selling - 120economic sustainabilitymaking sure the economy keeps running and growing in the future, even if resources run out or the population grows
- 121environmental sustainabilityusing the environment in a way that doesn't permanently damage or alter it, so that future generations can still get what they need from it
- 122becoming economically sustainable often reduces...environmental sustainability because economic activities often have negative environmental impacts
-use resources
-product waste cause pollution - 123economic growth rapidly case study economic sustainabilitysarawak
- 124Sarawak economic sustainabilityis a state in Malaysia
rapid economic growth since 80s
growth has come at a environmental cost - 125Sarawak economic sustainability TIMBER INDUSTRY-worlds largest exporters of tropical hardwood
-timber exports rose from 4.2m 1971 to 18.8m 1990
-intense logging 80s&90s
-70% forests disappeared
-90s logging both environmentally unsustainable as well as economic
-created FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANS
cutting trees in a 25year cycle, allows for recovery - 126Sarawak economic sustainability COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE-palm oil main commercial crop
-2008 accounted for 6% of exports
-causes deforestation
-monoculture reduces biodiversity
-agricultural chemicals and waste
-increase because the demand for palm oil in biodiesel - 127sustainable tourismtourism that doesn't damage the environment people have to see
some people think that tourism can never be sustainable as its to generate a profit and improve local economy - 128how might the development gap be reduced-trade
-aid
-debt cancellation
-remittances - 129NEPAL TRADE-India is Nepal's sole transit neighbour
-rely upon cross border political relations
-1990 india blockaded the border
-2001/02 india instituted significant trade restrictions during the negotiation of bilateral trade agreement
-Nepal receives 80% of all its imports from India - 130NEPAL AID-1950s/70s foreign aid financed 95% of the government expenditure
-total aid declined by 7%
-2014 still £222m
-GDP $1500
-25% of pop living below poverty line - 131NEPAL REMITTANCES-2013, nearly 1500 Nepalis a day migrated abroad to work sent back $4bn
-responsible for poverty reduction, increase in foreign exchange reserves, expansion of banks - 132remittancesis a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home
- 133what is fair tradefocuses on trading with poor and marginalized producers groups to help them develop skills and sustainable livelihood through trade
- 134Rostow:Rostow:
Modernisation Theory: Theories that build on the idea that the rate of development of country is largely a consequence to do with the internal structures, governance and culture of that country - 135Gunder Frank:Gunder Frank:
Dependency Theory: Theories that build upon the idea that the rate of development of a country is largely a consequence of its relationships with other countries - 136Rostow - Stages of GrowthTraditional Society
Pre-conditions
Take off:
Drive to Maturity:
High Mass Consumption - 137Rostow - Stages of Growth Traditional Societyhigh levels of agriculture and labour intensive agriculture
- 138Rostow - Stages of Growth Pre-conditionsDevelopment of mining industries
Increase in capital use in agriculture - 139Rostow - Stages of Growth Take off:Increasing industrialisation
Further growth in savings and investment - 140Rostow - Stages of Growth Drive to MaturityGrowth becomes self-sustaining – wealth generation enables further investment in value adding industry and development
Industry more diversified
Increase in levels of technology utilised - 141Rostow - Stages of Growth High Mass ConsumptionHigh output levels
Mass consumption of consumer durables
High proportion of employment in service sector - 142Criticisms of RostowToo simplistic
-Necessity of a financial infrastructure to channel any savings that are made into investment
-Need for other infrastructure – human resources (education), roads, rail, communications networks - 143The HDI for any country is calculated using three variables:Income- measured by GDP per capita
Knowledge- measured by adult literacy and the % of children attending school.
Longevity-measured by life expectancy at birth. - 144Calculating the PQLI: (Physical Quality of Life IndexThe PQLI for any country is calculated using three variables:
Literacy
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality - 145what did the ASIAN TIGERS have in common-strong degree of Chinese influence
-relatively poor during the 60s
-authoritarian political system
-singled out education as a way of improving the productivity - 146are the Asian tigers a good model?-focused mainly on exports at the cost of home demand
-based on cheap labour
-90s economies expanded too fast, prices of property and stocks and shares overvalued
-led to 7 stock markets to crash, worldwide financial crisis - 147common factors of NICs-large pop
-recent switch from agriculture to industrial
-strong education system
-strong political leadership, state planning
SOUTH AFRICA, MEXICO, BRAZIL,CHINA, INDIA
G8+5 - 148EU AgricultureCAP
-one of the oldest policies of the EU
-objective to increase agricultural production, certainty food supplies, high quality life of farmers, reasonable prices
-35% of budget
-overproduction, BUTTER-MOUNTAINS
WINE LAKES
-PRODUCTS SOLD AROUND THE WORLD BELOW THE PRICE THUS UNDERCUTTING FARMERS - 149EU POINTSSINGLE MARKET
AGRICULTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
ENVIRONMENT
EDP - 150EU INFRASTRUCTURE-improve cross-border infrastructure
-TEN(trans European networks) projects include channel tunnel, 2010 covers 75,200 km of roads, 78000km of railways, harbors and airports - 151EU ENVIRONMENT-addresses acid rain, thinning of ozone, air quality, noise pollution, waste and water pollution
-2007 use 20% renewables
-reduce co2 by 20% 2020
-increase forests (BETWEEN 1990-2005 GREW BY 10% IN WE AND 15% EE - 152EU EDF EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT FUND-directs aid from the EU to developing countries
-2008-13 allocate 10bn euros of aid mainly to former colonies of the EU member states - 153UN classification on LDC-low income(3 year average income per capita of less than $750)
-human resources weakness
-economic vulnerability
49 countries (33Africa, 15Asis, 1Latin America) - 154LDC CASE STUDYBANGLADESH
- 155—
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- FlashCards sobre development and globalisation, criado por las1365 em 23-03-2016.
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