Flashcards
Semester 1
Flashcards do conjunto (65)
- 1Pliny70 AD
Roman Writer
Classical expectations
Product of the Pagan Roman Empire
Major Western source - 2Roger Bacon13th Century
Uses Pliny
Uses Scripture alongside Pliny
Stagnation of information - 3StraboGreek geographer
Ptolemy - enlightened thinking
Came before Pliny but sources lost to the West
Accuracy - 4The BibleFour rivers of paradise
Important to pilgrim accounts
Taken as the truth - 5St AugustineCo-Bishop of Hippo
Pagan - Christianity
Post-Diocletian, Constantine
Goths invaded Rome - backdrop to writing
City of God - major defence of Christianity
Church separate from empire, can stand alone, important because barbarians had invaded
Accessible and usable
Prioritised Scripture - 6CosmasFlat world theory
Bends scripture
Not widespread, unique it survived
Greek
Spherical world = pagan
Criticised, had to constantly defend it - 7Jerome's Letterca. 404
To Paula's daughter
First person but not first-hand account
Lived with Paula in Jerusalem
Emotional - 8Piacenza PilgrimLatter half of the Sixth Century
Anonymous
Practical, tour guide
First hand - 9Pilgrimage of EgeriaAnother early pilgrim account
Emphasis on holy sites - 10The Pact of UmarThink it's written 637
Earliest copy we have from 9th century
Islamic expansion - way for Umar I to deal with Christians in the East
Flourishing of Islam
Stagnation of Christianity - 11MMuhammed importance
Muslim superiority
He led Joseph, Abraham and Moses in Prayer
Illustrates how and why Jerusalem was an important centre - 12The Pseudo Methodius7th Century
Anonymous
Apocalyptic
Reaction of Eastern Christians to the arrival of Muslims - 13TMonstrous races trapped behind the bronze gates of the North
- 14THorrors brought against Christians in the East
Down to Christian sin
Language of pollution - links to - 15TApocalyptic - Gates of the North opened, leads to the end of the world
Roman king going to triumph and take back the lands of the East which will lead to the Last Days - relevant in the 13the century even though it was written 7th
Christians will triumph over Muslims - 16State of the East in 1095Divisions - Islamic religious sects fighting against eachother - Seljuks vs Fatimids
Migrations - Eastern Christians unsettled, instability
Byzantines kept coming in and then failing
Turks making serious inroads into Constantinople - 17Anna ComnenaWrote so far after events it is thought she was writing with the Second Crusade in mind - Crusaders had broken oaths to Alexios
Wrote away from court - bitter because she did not get the imperial crown
Highly educated
Peter the Hermit instigator - 18Preaching the First CrusadeFive versions of the Council of Clermont 1095
Fulcher of Chartres, Robert of Rheims, Gesta, Baldric of Dol, Guibert de Nogent - 19Fulcher of Chartres (Preaching the First Crusade)Born 1059
Present at the council
Learned man/cleric
Went on Crusade - until he got to Edessa, stayed and became Baldwin's Chaplin
Stayed in the East after
Edward Peters - respected source - 20Robert of Rheims (Preaching the First Crusade)Wrote in the early twelfth century
Acts like he was there for it
Impact of the crusader states and victory
Reworked Gesta
Did not go on crusade - 21Baldric of Dol (Preaching the First Crusade)Archbishop
1108
Depended on Gesta
Impact of the Crusader States and Victory - 22Gesta (Preaching the First Crusade)1100-1101, most contemporary account we have
Influential account
Not present
Anonymous
Reconstructed
Connected with Bohemond of Antioch - 23Guibert de Nogent (Preaching the First Crusade)Not present
Wrote between 1104-1108
Apocalyptic - only one to do this
Reworked Gesta - 24Stage One - the march to JerusalemGesta and Raymond d'Aguiliers
Gesta pro-bohemond
Raymond - Raymond of Toulouse's Chaplin - 25Stage Two - The Fall of JerusalemGesta and Raymond
More known about Raymond than Gesta
Raymond high up in the power politics of the crusade - 26Stage Three - Frankish VictoryPoint of contention here is the massacre
Raymond and Fulcher
Raymond and Eye witness
Fulcher not - arrives 6 months later was in Edessa at the time
Both refer to it as a total massacre - 27Stage Four - Vision of PeaceGesta and Raymond
Gesta entirely a pilgrimage narrative - ignored violence/downplayed it
Raymond - political focus - 28Stage Five - the News Spreads After the victoryAim to attract new crusaders
Need men to protect gains/lands in the East
Massive need for manpower
Letter from Manasses II - Archbishop throughout the First Crusade
Pope Paschal II - pope from 1099, straight after Urban II - 29William of Tyre 'The Deeds beyond the Sea'Born about 20 years after the First Crusade
Only source we have of twelfth century Jerusalem written by a native
Impressive career trajectory, but never got Patriarch
Intimate knowledge of Jerusalem
Dealing with events he did not see through his own eyes
Spent a lot of time in Western Europe - came back to the East in 1165
Talking about how Jerusalem was conquered etc. knows the outcome, writing in the 1170s
Theme of having secured Jerusalem but struggling to maintain it - 30Chronicles of the First CrusadeTyerman: Narratives went from a finite goal of capturing Jerusalem to then keeping it running
Evident in Manasses II letter and Fulcher of Chartres - 31The Islamic Call for RenewalCall for a counter-attack did not take off until the 1140s
Early Muslim reaction for war was limited
Did not circulate widely - 32Abu'l - Muzaffar al-Abiwardi (The Islamic call for renewal)Contemporary Iraqi poet
Looked to turn the catastrophe into a call for Islamic Renewal
Did not circulate widely - 33Al Sulami (The Islamic Call for Renewal)Damascus legislator 1005-1006
Did not circulate widely - 34Inter-communal relations in the Crusader States1120s Council of Nablus - this date is significant, after the Battle of the Field of Blood, turbulent time for the Franks
However, William of Tyre and Fulcher make out it is a very rosy time - try to convince people to come over to the Crusader States
How the Franks in the East interacted with the natives in the East
Advertisement for Jerusalem - smooth assimilation
Propaganda - trying to get Christians to come to the East
Formation of Templars at the Council - 35Fulcher (Intercommunal relations in the Crusader States)'We have already forgotten the places of our birth; already they have become unknown to us, or at least, are unmentioned'
- 36A Christian/Muslim debate in the twelfth centuryAround 1165
Importance placed on conversion -comparison point with St Francis and Al-Kamil
Debate between a Christian abbot, three Muslim clerics and a Muslim prince
Peaceful debate - illustrates peaceful relations between the two groups which actually was not the case
Peaceful relations also in Fulcher and William of Tyre
Christian superiority - 37UsamaMuslim source about the Franks
Eyewitness - most famous Arab one for the coming of the Franks
Sees the rise of Saladin
Autobiographical text
Example of Muslim attitudes to Frankish culture - 38TemplarsNeeded to provide men and knights because there was no one left in the East
Gained papal approval 1227
Trying to solve problems from the First Crusade
Knighthood providing a future for the Crusader States - 39Bernard of Clairvaux KnighthoodSaint
Cistercian
Praises knighthood from ca. 1130
Highly influential 12th century
Admired the Templars - 40William of Tyre 'The Foundation of the Order of the Knight's Templar'Writing 45 years later, 1170s
Templars fallen from grace
Abandoned core values, papal approval got too rich - 41The HospitallersMilitarised wing 1136
Second biggest military order in the region
By the 1120s the Turks of Northern Syria and Iraq were united again - led to increased attacks upon Christians
By 1136 Zengi was making deep raids into Frankish territory - 42William of Tyre The HospitallersThought they were money-grabbing/greedy
They were exempt from the authority and taxation of clerics- this way William had no restraint upon them - they had become too entrenched in society and couldn't be controlled - 43The AssassinsNizari Ismaili's, leader Hasan
Their activities coincided with the arrival of crusaders
Complex relations with the Ismaili's until mid thirteenth century - but no improved knowledge of them
Ismaili's would ally with Franks when they needed to
1174 Saladin emerged, Ismaili's most dangerous enemy
1193 Saladin died, declining fortunes of Frankish states - era of complex relations ended
By the latter half of 13th century Assassin legends well known in Latin West - they were accepted as reliable descriptions of secret Nizari Ismaili practices - 44William of Tyre AssassinsDig at the Templars
Assassin leader had wanted to convert to Christianity but Templars killed the envoy and ruined it - 45The Old French Continuation general contextWilliam of Tyre broke off in 1184
Unique coverage of 1184-1197
Translated into French thirteenth century
Many manuscripts have continuations tacked onto them
Continues William's dislike of Templars - 46Second Crusade and aftermathMuslims disunited - didn't know the Crusade was coming
However Christians lost
1136 Zengi prominent
1144 he took Edessa - this was the springboard for the next Crusade
Pope Eugenius called the Crusade in 1145, they go in 1147, Conrad and Louis go before then
First time a major crusader state fell, they had had it since 1098 - 47William of Tyre [Motives behind calling the Second Crusade]About the Fall of Edessa
Blames the leaders of the Crusader States - secular reasons, however when they do well he looks to God/religious reasons - 48Eugenius III, Summons to a Crusade, December 1145Bernard of Clairvaux was Eugenius's mentor
At this point 'crusader' is more clearly defined - a warrior pilgrim
Jerusalem a clearer goal in this crusade - importance of protecting/sustaining it
Constant linking back to the First Crusade in order to legitimise - 49The Journey of Louis VII to the East - by Odo of Deuil Abbot of Saint Denis1162
How Louis decided to go on Crusade to the East
Wanted to rescue the Christians at Edessa - 50St Bernard of Clairvaux apologyBlamed for the Second Crusade failure because he preached it
He blames the Christians/Crusaders
Said he would take the blame if it meant God was not blamed
Clerical accounts tend to blame the Crusaders sins - 51When do Christians lose Jerusalem to Saladin?1187, the Battle of Hattin
- 52The Old French Continuation Aftermath of Second CrusadeBlames the morality of Christians
Criticism of Christians through comparison to Muslims
Looking at all the things the Franks did wrong - different to William of Tyre who died before the Battle of Hattin so his descriptions were not coloured by these events
Praises Saladin - important because it is a Christian source
Saladin chivalrous - perfect knight if he were Christian
Does continue on from William of Tyre in that it illustrates the self-interest of military orders
Christians and Muslims not that different - importance of oaths - 53Ibbn Shaddad - History of SaladinMuslim source
Richards - says he was a close friend of Saladin's therefore this account will try to honour him/tell the 'truth'
Brief description about the glory of Hattin - probably allows it to be circulated quicker
No talk of friendship between Saladin and Christians which is what is implied in the Old French Continuation
Sense that he was an excellent general but that it was also pre-ordained
Unity of Muslims contrasts the divisions within Christianity which the Old Continuation emphasises
Saladin - great archetypal defender of Islam
Muslims always going to win because they had God behind them - 54St Francis and al-KamilAnonymous chronicler, probably a lay/noble person - chronicling the crusade of 1227-1229
Blames religious leaders for failure and supports secular leadership
Blames Cardinal Pelagius for the crusade failure
Author probably in the entourage of the king of Jerusalem hence the dislike towards Pelagius
Clerical chroniclers blame crusader sins for failure - this chronicler does the opposite
Highlights missionary importance alongside crusading - 55Emergence of the Mendicant OrdersSt Francis started the Franciscans 1210
Very early on Francis placed imporance on conversion
1219 Francis of Assisi attempted to convert al-Kamil, escaped intact because he was a holy man - 56The Joint Encyclical of 1255How the Franciscans saw themselves
Written by the Franciscan master-general - 57Mission and CrusadeBy the thirteenth century mission becomes a really fundamental part of crusading - need for missionaries to accompany crusaders for their spiritual welfare
- 58Raymond Lull DeFine (1305)Importance of mission - crusading should be two-pronged - mission and fighting
- 59Saladin TitheA response to the capture of Jerusalem in 1187
Idea of crusade far more wide spread - taxed everyone
But backlash against the church - clergy collected the tax - 60Innocent III Summons 1215He calls more crusades than any one else
Attempts to make crusading more regular
Looking to the past to try and avoid failure - i.e. sorting out finance to avoid a repeat of the Fourth Crusade - 61Frederick II Philip of Novara1228 Crusade
Excommunicate
Secular crusade - no papal backing
Treatment of Muslims good - 62The Capture of Jerusalem 1244Letter from the Master of the Hospitallers at Jerusalem
Different to previous accounts because it does not blame the sins and faults of Christians for the loss of Jerusalem
Disastrous situation but has an heroic spin on it
Secular appeal for a crusade - trying to appeal to the heroics of the people there - 63The Fall of Acre 1291 Ludolph of SuchemSultan attacked Acre
Last Crusader State to fall - end of Crusader States
At this point the frantic efforts to conclude an alliance with Mongols had failed
Infighting of Christians the issue - same with Edessa 1244
Language of sins - Christians brought the doom on themselves - 64Second Council of Lyon1272-1274
Pope Gregory X
Can see the crusades have becoe a broader idea
All becoming more practical - looking to solve the problems they had previously
How people can gain salvation by simply helping the crusade - 65James of Vitry Sermon 1Model Sermon
Thirteenth Century
Actively telling people how they should preach
Those who do not take the Cross are hindering Christ and helping the Devil
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- FlashCards sobre Semester 1, criado por erossington1 em 08-05-2016.
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