Flashcards
Higher-order Cognition
Flashcards do conjunto (23)
- 1prospectionuniquely human form of intelligence that enables us to think about far future events; what is the optimal way to make decisions about the far future?
- 2expected utilityat any one point, try to maximize returns from interactions with the environment
- 3expected valueodds of gain x value of gain
- 4ventromedial PFC"common currency in brain"; tracks amount people value things
- 5PFCprefrontal cortex; distinguishes humans; not as optimized as it could be
- 6errors of oddsbad judgment in odds
- 7risk vs. uncertaintyunknown event with measurable probability (winning a coin toss) vs. unknown event with no measurable probability (winning a war)
- 8error of odds: sample size neglectpeople don't realize that the larger the sample size, the closer to expectations/true probability
- 9law of large numberswhen sample size is large, average property of sample closely resembles average property of the population from which it was drawn
- 10gambler's fallacybelief that likelihood of chance event is influenced by nature of the events that preceded it
- 11conjunction fallacywe forget that p(x) greater than or equal to p(x+y)
- 12representativeness heuristicestimate likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype in our minds
- 13availability biasoverestimate likelihood of events based off information that is more readily available to them
- 14planning fallacypeople in general are bad at predicting how long things take
- 15errors of valuationmistakes in determining how much an outcome is worth
- 16presentismwe make decisions based off how we currently feel
- 17prospect theorydescribes the way people choose between probabilistic alternatives that involve risk, where the probabilities of outcomes are known; steeper for losses than for gains
- 18endowment effecttendency to overvalue current possessions; losses loom larger than gains
- 19temporal discountingtendency of people to discount rewards as they approach a temporal horizon in the future or the past
- 20delay of gratificationcorrelates with...
planning and thinking ahead
resistance to temptation
ability to cope with frustration
social competence
verbal fluency/expression
SAT scores - 21affective forecastingprediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future
- 22impact biasoverestimating intensity and duration of emotional reactions to events
- 23Hedonic set pointpeople return to stable state of happiness despite changes