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Flashcards

A&P Test 1 Semester 2 VOCAB

Becca Schmeidler Nursing Inglês 188 flashcards

A&P Test 1 Semester 2 VOCAB

Flashcards do conjunto (188)

  1. 1ArteryBlood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into the circulation
  2. 2CapillaryThe smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between the blood and tissue cells
  3. 3VeinBlood vessels that return blood toward the heart from the circulation
  4. 4ErythrocyteRed blood cells
  5. 5ThrombocytesPlatelet; cell fragment that participates in blood coagulation
  6. 6PlateletCell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting
  7. 7LeukocytePWhite blood cells; formed elements involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses
  8. 8PlasmaThe nonliving fluid component within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated
  9. 9HematocritThe percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
  10. 10PolycythemiaAn abnormally high number of erythrocytes
  11. 11Polycythemia VeraCancer of bone marrow where too many red blood cells are produced
  12. 12AlbuminThe most abundant plasma protein
  13. 13Osmotic PressureThe force drawing water down its concentration gradient; A measure of the tendency of water to move into a more concentrated solution
  14. 14Interstitial SpaceRelated to or situated in the small, narrow spaces between tissues or parts of an organ
  15. 15EdemaAbnormal increase in the amount of interstitial fluid due to low levels of albumin making water stay in interstitial spaces; causes swelling (primarily in the feet)
  16. 16PlasmapheresisA method of removing blood plasma from the body by withdrawing blood, separating it into plasma and cells, and transfusing the cells back into the bloodstream. It is performed especially to remove antibodies in treating autoimmune conditions
  17. 17Alpha and Beta GlobulinsProduced by the liver or immune system; Glycoprotein; Carrier proteins
  18. 18Antibody (Gamma/ immunoglobulin)Any of a class of proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system, that function as antibodies
  19. 19FibrinogenA soluble blood protein that is converted into insoluble fibrin during blood clotting
  20. 20SpectrinProteins that help erythrocytes hold their shape
  21. 21BilirubinYellow pigment of bile
  22. 22UrobilinChemical that gives urine its yellow color; Bilirubin is broken down into this
  23. 23JaundiceA medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin and typically caused by the obstruction of the bile duct, by liver disease, or by excessive breakdown of red blood cells
  24. 24HyperbilirubinemiaExcess bilirubin that occurs because the baby's liver isn't mature enough to breakdown and remove the bilirubin from the bloodstream
  25. 25PhototherapyUses light (not UV light) to increase the breakdown of bilirubin
  26. 26ErythropoiesisProcess of producing erythrocytes from stem cells in the red bone marrow
  27. 27HemoglobinOxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes; Can carry 4 Oxygen molecules
  28. 28DeoxyhemoglobinHemoglobin found in the veins which does not have oxygen molecules; dark red blood
  29. 29OxyhemoglobinHemoglobin found in the arteries which are carrying oxygen molecules; bright red blood
  30. 30Sickle Cell AnemiaUnder low oxygen conditions, hemoglobin chains link together, forming stiff rods that deform the erythrocyte; Blood transfusion is the standard treatment
  31. 31DiapedisisThe first major process of leukocytes where leukocytes pass through the capillary wall into interstitial space
  32. 32ChemotaxisThe second major process of leukocytes where leukocytes move toward a chemical stimulus (i.e. bacteria, toxin)
  33. 33PhagocytosisThe third major process of leukocytes where the leukocyte engulfs exotic or extraneous material, and use an intracellular enzyme to digest them
  34. 34PhagocytesA type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles; "eater cell"; eat until they die
  35. 35GranulocyteHave granules in their cytoplasm and lobed nuclei; phagocytes; there are three types, named by their appearance when stained
  36. 36NeutrophilNeutral stained cytoplasm; Function is to attack bacteria; Granules are very fine (hard to see); Granules contain defensins
  37. 37EosinophilGranules stain auburn; Granules contain digestive enzymes, but these enzymes do not digest bacteria; Most important function is to attack parasitic worms
  38. 38BasophilGranules stain blue (purplish black); Respond to allergens (like pollen or pet dander); Granules contain histamine
  39. 39DefensinsAntimicrobial proteins; poke holes in the pathogen membrane
  40. 40AllergensInnocuous substances that the body thinks are dangerous
  41. 41HistaminesInflammatory chemical that causes the blood vessels to get bigger; A chemical messenger which causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
  42. 42VasodilatorRelaxation of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, producing dilation
  43. 43Mast CellAlso release histamine, but are found in connective tissue instead of blood
  44. 44MonocyteAgranulocytes; Single kidney shaped nucleus; Largest of the leukocytes; Activate lymphocytes; convert into macrophages when they leave the bloodstream
  45. 45AgranulocytesNo granules in the cytoplasm
  46. 46Differentiateto convert; Monocytes convert into macrophages
  47. 47MacrophageBig Eater; Protective cell type common in connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, and many body organs; phagocytizes tissue cells, bacteria, and other foreign debris; presents antigens to T cells in the immune response
  48. 48LymphocyteAgranulocytes; large, spherical nucleus; only a few in the blood, most are found in the lymphoid tissues; Arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body; Two types are T and B cells
  49. 49B CellAlso called B lymphocytes; oversee humoral immunity; their descendants differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells
  50. 50T CellsLymphocytes that mediate cellular immunity; include helper, cytotoxic, regulatory, and memory cells; Also called T lymphocytes
  51. 51Plasma CellMembers of a B cell clone; effector B cells specialized to produce and release antibodies
  52. 52AntigenA substance or part of a substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, activates the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products. This is the site that the antibody binds to
  53. 53ImmunityWhen the body makes an antibody that matches the invader; Ability of the body to resist many agents (both living and nonliving) that can cause disease; resistance to disease.
  54. 54HematopoiesisProduction of blood cells from a common precursor (stem cell); occurs in the red bone marrow
  55. 55Myeloid LeukemiaAbnormal leukocytes are myeloblast descendants (granulocytes)
  56. 56Lymphatic LeukemiaOverproduction of abnormal, nonfunctioning leukocytes which are lymphoid descendants (lymphocytes).
  57. 57AcuteQuickly advancing
  58. 58ChronicSlowly advancing
  59. 59MegakaryoblastFragments of giant cells
  60. 60HemostasisBlood halting; Important in preventing "bleeding out" from cuts
  61. 61Clotting FactorsSeries of protein activations that lead to fibrin formation
  62. 62Vitamin KAn important vitamin that is vital to blood clotting; It is sometimes injected into babies at birth to help prevent life-threatening bleeding
  63. 63HemophiliaIncludes several bleeding disorders; Genetic; Loss of one of the clotting factors, so clotting does not occur; Treatment can include transfusion of plasma or of the appropriate clotting factor
  64. 64ThrombocytopeniaPlatelet deficiency; Can cause increased bleeding and bruising
  65. 65ThrombosisFormation of a blood clot inside of a blood vessel
  66. 66ThrombusA blood clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
  67. 67Anti-coagulantsInhibit vitamin K production
  68. 68Clot RetractionOccurs after hemostasis; Further stabilizes the clot; Contractile proteins in platelets contract and pull the ruptured edges of the blood vessel together, and reduces clot size
  69. 69PDGF (Platelet-derived Growth Factor)produced by the platelets, stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the vessel wall.
  70. 70FibrinolysisRemoval of clot after healing has occurred (begins ~2 days after clot is formed)
  71. 71Plasminogenprotein incorporated into a blood clot; inactive precursor for the enzyme plasmin, present in the blood
  72. 72tPATissue plasminogen activator; an enzyme that helps dissolve clots
  73. 73PlasminAn enzyme that digests fibrin and breaks down a clot
  74. 74FibrinFibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting
  75. 75AgglutinationClumping of foreign cells; induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes
  76. 76Karl LandsteinerFound that when blood from different people is mixed, it can lead to blood clumping; Identified 3 blood types based on clumping
  77. 77Type A BloodHas A antigen present on its blood cells; has an antibody to B type blood cells; Can't receive B or AB Blood
  78. 78Type B BloodHas B antigen present on its blood cells; has an antibody to A type blood cells; Can't take A or AB Blood
  79. 79Type AB BloodHas both A and B antigens present on its cells; Has no antibodies and is the universal recipient
  80. 80Type O BloodHas no antigen present on its cells; Has both A and B antibodies present and is the universal donor; Can only receive Type O Blood
  81. 81AgglutinogenRBC antibodies that have the ability to cause clumping in cells
  82. 82AgglutininThe antibody present on a red blood cell
  83. 83Transfusion ReactionA reaction to wrong type of donor blood cells that causes the clumping of the recipient's red blood cells; This is due to the antibody present in the recipient blood cells
  84. 84Rh FactorRh positive blood has the antigen D present on its cells; Rh negative blood can only receive negative blood, because if it is exposed to Rh positive blood cells, it will create antibodies to the cells
  85. 85Rh IncompatibilityIf an Rh negative woman is impregnated by an Rh positive man and the baby inherits the Rh positive antigen, a small amount of the fetal blood will enter the mother's circulation at birth. The woman can develop antibodies to the Rh antigen and when she becomes pregnant with her second Rh positive fetus, her cells will attack the fetus's blood cells. The treatment for this is an injection of RhoGAM right after the birth of the first child to prevent the mom from creating antibodies.
  86. 86Erythroblastosis FetalisThe same thing as Rh Incompatibility
  87. 87RhoGAMAn immune globulin that is injected into an Rh Negative mother after child birth to create her from creating antibodies to an Rh Positive antigen
  88. 88SeptumSeparates the heart into the left and right halves
  89. 89PericardiumDouble walled sac that encloses the heart. Has three layers:
    1) Fibrous pericardium-protects the heart, anchors the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
    2) Parietal layer of serous pericardium
    3) Visceral layer of serous pericardium
  90. 90Myocardiummuscular tissue of the heart
  91. 91EndocardiumInner endothelial lining of the heart
  92. 92Trabeculae"Little beams"; if the heart walls were flat, suctioning would occur during pumping
  93. 93AtriumThe areas of the heart where blood enters
  94. 94VentricleThe areas of the heart where blood exits
  95. 95Sulcus-Interventricular sulcus: marks the separation of the left and right ventricles
    -Coronary sulcus: marks the separation of the atria and ventricles; encircles the heart like a crown (corona)
  96. 96Pulmonary CircuitThe right side of the heart which takes blood to the lungs
  97. 97Systemic CircuitLeft side of the heart which takes blood to the rest of the body
  98. 98Right atrium (Right Auricle)Where deoxygenated blood enters the heart from the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cavaRight atrium (Right Auricle)
  99. 99Right VentricleWhere deoxygenated blood goes after going through the right atrium. Later pushes through the pulmonary artery toward the lungs where the blood is oxygenatedRight Ventricle
  100. 100Left AtriumWhere oxygenated blood enters the heart from the lungs through the pulmonary vein.Left Atrium
  101. 101Left VentricleWhere oxygenated blood flows after going through the left atrium. Blood then leaves the heart through the aorta to be distributed to the rest of the bodyLeft Ventricle
  102. 102Superior Vena CavaLarge vein carrying deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart (the top one)Superior Vena Cava
  103. 103Inferior Vena CavaLarge vein carrying deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart (the bottom one)Inferior Vena Cava
  104. 104Coronary SinusEmpties blood directly into the right atriumCoronary Sinus
  105. 105Pulmonary ArteryCarries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenatedPulmonary Artery
  106. 106Pulmonary VeinsCarry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heartPulmonary Veins
  107. 107AortaArtery where oxygenated blood is forced out of the left ventricle to travel toward the tissues of the bodyAorta
  108. 108Atrioventricular Valves (AV)Tricuspid valve and the mitral valve. They separate the atria and the ventricles.Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
  109. 109Semilunar Valves (SL)Pulmonary valve and aortic valve which are shaped like three crescent moons (semilunar)Semilunar Valves (SL)
  110. 110Aortic ValveValve between the left ventricle and the aortaAortic Valve
  111. 111Tricuspid ValveThe valve between the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but contains three membranous flapsTricuspid Valve
  112. 112Pulmonary ValveBetween the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteryPulmonary Valve
  113. 113Bicuspid (Mitral) ValveThe valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart, consisting of two tapered cuspsBicuspid (Mitral) Valve
  114. 114Chordae Tendineae"tendinous chords"; "heart strings"-anchor AV valves to the ventricle wallChordae Tendineae
  115. 115AuscultationListening to the heart sounds, typically with a stethoscope
  116. 116S1LUB; Tricuspid and bicuspid valves closing, loudest at the apex of the heart
  117. 117S2DUB; Pulmonary and aortic valves closing, loudest at top of the heart (base)
  118. 118DiastolePeriod of the cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or the atria are relaxing
  119. 119SystolePeriod of the cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or the atria are contracting
  120. 120InfarctDead tissue resulting from a loss of blood supply
  121. 121Myocardial InfarctionHeart Attack; Condition characterized by dead tissue areas in the myocardium; caused by interruption of blood supply to the area.
  122. 122Coronary ArteryFor most people, brings oxygenated blood to the right/left atrium and ventricle by the right/left artery. For 15% of people the left artery brings blood to both ventricles (while the right still brings blood to the right atrium). 4% of people only have one of these arteries which brings blood to the entire heartCoronary Artery
  123. 123Coronary VeinEmpties blood from the walls into the coronary sinus of the heartCoronary Vein
  124. 124StriatedWhen muscle fibers are arranged in a latticework, with the fibers dividing, recombining, and then spreading again (like skeletal muscle!)
  125. 125SarcomereThe reason that cardiac muscle fibers are striated. Composed of myosin and actin. (The smallest contractile unit of muscle)
  126. 126EndomysiumThin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell. (Loose connective tissue matrix between cells)
  127. 127Fibrous Cardiac SkeletonEndomysium connects to this dense connective tissue, which acts as the origin and insertion sites, giving the cardiac cells something to pull against
  128. 128Intercalated DiscsSpecialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes
  129. 129Gap junctionsAllow communication between two cells; they transmit the current (ions) across the entire heart
  130. 130DesmosomesAct like interlocking velcro and hold two cells together; They prevent cells from separating during contraction
  131. 131Functional SyncytiumA single coordinated unit; It's actually two syncytium, the atria and the ventricles. This allows the atria to contract slightly before the ventricles.
  132. 132PacemakerGenerate the impulse (tell the heart to contract); Also is a device which electrically stimulates the heart muscle if the SA or AV nodes aren't working.
  133. 133IntrinsicThe conduction system inside the body, stimulated by the heart's pacemaker
  134. 134Sinus RhythmThe rhythm of the heart (contractions of the ventricles)
  135. 135Heart RateDetermined by the sinus rhythm; The number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually per minute; It is based on the number of contractions of the ventricles.
  136. 136ElectrocardiogramDetects the electrical currents the heart generates and transmits throughout the body; 12 leads, each looking at the heart from a separate angle
  137. 137ArrhythmiaHeart's rhythm is abnormal. They can be caused by heart attack, drug overdose, genetic disease, or old age.
  138. 138Rapid Ventricular Filling80% of ventricle filling occurs, as blood flows passively into the atria through open AV valves into the ventricles.
  139. 139End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)Maximum volume of blood the ventricles can hold
  140. 140Isovolumetric Contraction PhaseAll valves are closed for a split second during ventricular systole.
  141. 141End-Systolic Volume (ESV)Blood left in the ventricles after ventricular systole.
  142. 142Isovolumetric Relaxation PhaseAll valves are closed for a split second during early diastole
  143. 143Vagus NerveDecreases the heart beat
  144. 144Cardiac OutputThe amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute
  145. 145Cardiac ReserveThe difference between a person's Cardiac Output and their maximal Cardiac Output. Non-athletes: usually 4-5 times resting (~20-25 L/min)
    Athletes: can be 7 times resting (~35 L/min)
  146. 146Stroke VolumeThe difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)
  147. 147NorepinephrineIncreases the number of action potentials; binds to Beta-adrenergic receptor on cells of the SA node
  148. 148Beta-adrenergic ReceptorNorepinephrine binds to this and causes the threshold to be reached more quickly, and an increase in calcium entry
  149. 149AcetylcholineReleased by the vagus nerve and hyperpolarizes the membranes of the cells in the SA and AV nodes. This slows down the number of signals the nodes send, which slows the heart rate.
  150. 150Vagal ToneThe vagus nerve is continuously sending signals, so the heart beat is slower than the rate of the SA node on its own (75 vs 100).
  151. 151Epinephrine (adrenaline)-Secreted during times of high stress
    -Acts like norepinephrine and increases heart rate
  152. 152Thyroxine-Secreted from the thyroid gland
    -Increases the rate at which the body uses energy (and thus increases body heat)
    -Increases heart rate
  153. 153Tachycardia"Heart Hurry"
    -Abnormally fast heart rate (>100 bpm)
    -Causes include fever, stress, certain drugs, or heart disease
  154. 154BradycardiaHeart rate slow (<60 bpm)
    -Occurs in athletes as heart gets bigger (hypertrophies), stroke volume increases, allowing a lower resting heart rate while still having a high cardiac output
    -When it occurs in non-athletes, for example because of problems with the SA node, it can cause inadequate blood circulation to the tissues
  155. 155Congestive Heart FailureMyocardium weakens, so heart doesn't pump blood efficiently, and tissues don't get the blood that they need
  156. 156Coronary AtherosclerosisBlockage in the coronary arteries so heart doesn't get the blood (nutrients/oxygen) it needs, causing it to pump ineffectively (Can lead to myocardial infarction)
  157. 157Dilated Cardiomyopathy-Ventricles stretch and thin, and the myocardium deteriorates
    -Causes unknown, may be genetics, or drug abuse or toxin exposure
  158. 158PIf the left side of the heart fails; The right side sends blood to the lungs, but the left side can't send oxygenated blood to the tissues.
  159. 159Pulmonary EdemaEdema caused by blood getting "stuck" in the lungs - if it's left untreated it can cause suffocation
  160. 160Peripheral CongestionIf the right side of the heart fails and blood backs up into the systemic system, causing edema of the extremities.
  161. 161AngioplastySurgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery.
  162. 162StentsA tubular support placed temporarily inside a blood vessel, canal, or duct to aid healing or relieve an obstruction
  163. 163Bypass SurgeryA surgical procedure to restore normal blood supply to the heart by creating new routes for the blood to travel into the heart when one or both of the coronary arteries have become clogged or obstructed.
  164. 164ArterioleA small branch of an artery leading into the capillaries
  165. 165VenuleA very small vein, where the capillaries converge leading into the veins
  166. 166Tunica IntimaContains the simple squamous endothelium that lines the artery lumen
  167. 167Tunica Media-Circular smooth muscle (elastic fibers only in arteries)
    -Important for blood pressure regulation because it has the ability for vasoconstriction and vasodilation (vasomotor nerve fibers)
  168. 168Tunica Externa-Collagen fibers-protect and anchor the arteries
  169. 169Elastic Artery-Large (1.0-2.5cm), thick-walled arteries close to the heart (includes aorta and pulmonary artery)
    -Contain a high amount of elastic fibers
    -Allows artery to stretch when the ventricle ejects blood
  170. 170Muscular Artery-Deliver blood to specific body organs
    -Internal diameter ranges from that of a little finger to that of pencil lead (0.1-10mm)
    -Have a thick tunica media (muscle layer)
    -Active in the process of vasoconstriction and vasodilation
  171. 171Pre-Capillary SphincterA band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into capillaries
  172. 172Arterial Pulse-When the left ventricle contracts, it causes a pulse wave of blood through the arteries, which expands the arteries
    -After this expansion, the arteries will contract to push the blood into the capillaries
    -These pulse waves can be palpated at specific body sites on the body ("pulse points")
  173. 173PericytesSmooth muscle-like cells that stabilize the capillary wall and help control what can enter and exit the capillary
  174. 174Continuous Capillary-Most common; found in skin and muscles
    -Is the least permeable type of capillary because the endothelial cells that line the capillary are joined by tight junctions
    -some areas are missing the tight junctions-the intercellular clefts
    -important for passage of fluids and small solutes
  175. 175Intercellular CleftNOT present in the continuous capillaries of the brain-thus forming the blood-brain barrier
  176. 176Pinocytotic Vesicle(pino = "to drink") shuttle the fluids across the capillary wall
  177. 177FenestratedHas pores
  178. 178Fenestrated Capillary-Are more permeable than continuous capillaries because of the presence of fenestrations (pores)
    -Found at sites of active absorption/filtration
    -intestines (nutrients)
    -endocrine glands (hormones)
    -kidneys (removal of waste)
  179. 179Sinusoid Capillary-Most permeable of the capillaries ("leaky")
    -Have lots of fenestrations and few tight junctions (large intercellular clefts)
    -Found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen
    -Large gaps allow blood cells and bacteria to pass through
    -Macrophages and other phagocytes sit just outside the capillaries and remove any foreign invaders
  180. 180Systolic Blood PressureMaximum pressure in the veins-occurs when the ventricles are contracted
  181. 181Diastolic Blood PressureMinimum pressure in the arteries-occurs when ventricles are relaxed
  182. 182Peripheral ResistanceThe amount of friction the blood encounters as it passes through the vessels (most resistance is found away from the heart-periphery)
  183. 183BaroreceptorStretch receptors located in the carotid sinuses (dilations in the carotid arteries), in the aorta, and the large arteries of the neck and chest. They respond to increased blood pressure (60-100 mmHg)
    -Respond more to a change in blood pressure than a constant increase
  184. 184ChemoreceptorIn the carotid artery and aorta; respond to changes in carbon dioxide levels, oxygen levels, and pH levels. They respond to low blood pressure (40-80 mmHg)
  185. 185Epinephrine/NorepinephrineIncrease cardiac output and promote vasoconstriction
  186. 186Angiotensin IIIn response to low blood pressure, the kidney releases renin, which is converted into this. This stimulates vasoconstriction.
  187. 187Hypertension-Chronically elevated blood pressure (over 140/90)
    -Heart must work harder to pump against the increased resistance
    -90% of people, there is no one specific underlying cause, but lots of risk factors: heredity, diet, obesity, age, diabetes, stress, smoking
  188. 188Nitric OxideDilates the blood vessel

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Nursing FlashCards sobre A&P Test 1 Semester 2 VOCAB, criado por Becca Schmeidler em 25-01-2017.
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