Hearing

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Ornithology (Avian Sensory Systems) FlashCards sobre Hearing, criado por Lara Hiles em 06-02-2017.
Lara Hiles
FlashCards por Lara Hiles, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Lara Hiles
Criado por Lara Hiles mais de 7 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão Responda
Purpose of avian auditory system Used for hearing and balance
Three parts of ear (1) External ear (2) Middle ear (3) Inner ear
External ear Has no pinna -> open tube ends in tympanum (eardrum)
Middle ear Only made up of a single bone called the columella
Columella Ossicle of middle ear that conducts sound to oval window
Inner ear Contains three, fluid-filled semicircular canals (one in each plane) and cochlea
Cochlea Curved projection from base of semicircular canals (organ of hearing)
Three differences between bird and mammalian cochlea (1) Curved in birds; coiled in mammals (2) Smaller with more sensory cells per unit length in birds (3) Glandular tegmentum is absent in mammals
Glandular tegmentum Thick, folded membrane that fills cavity above basilar membrane and contains sensory cells Stimulated by sounds at different frequencies which results from variations in stiffness of basilar membrane
Oval window Vibrations of oval window transmit fluid
Hertz Unit of frequency; equal to one cycle per second
Sound sensitivity in birds vs. mammals Birds are most sensitive in ranges of 1-5 Hz (upper limit of 10-12 Hz) Birds have greater sensitivity to low frequency sounds than most mammals Humans are slightly more sensitive than most birds over an entire range
Infrasound Sound waves with frequencies below lower limit of human audibility (long wavelength, low frequency) May be used by birds to determine location of other individuals
Measuring Temporal Resolution (1) Gap threshold (2) Temporal fine structure
Gap Threshold Ability to distinguish two sounds separated by a very short time interval Similar ability between birds and humans
Temporal Fine Structure Ability to detect rapid changes within sounds (varying detail) Ability is much better in birds than in humans -> birds can distinguish between sounds played forwards and backwards by sensing fine temporal differences
Specialized Features of Auditory System of Owls (1) More sensitive to high frequency sounds than other birds of similar size (2) Modification to external ears -> possess operculum (fleshy, erectile flap that concentrates and reflects sound from rear) and asymmetrical ear openings (more sensitive to detecting sounds depending on position of head) (3) Modifications to inner ear and brain -> large eardrums, columella, and cochlea relative to body size; enlarged sensory area in medulla of hindbrain (4) Facial disk -> densely-packed, stiff feathers that collect and focus sound into external auditory opening

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