Flashcards
Globalisation keywords
Flashcards do conjunto (51)
- 1GlobalisationThe growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-boarder transactions in goods and services, freer international capital flows and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. Also shown through culture, lifestyles and global processes.
- 2CapitalProductive assets/ goods or a financial stake in productive activity.
- 3Transnational corporationsBusinesses whose operations are spread across the world, operating in many nations as both makers and sellers of goods and services. Many of the largest are instantly recognisable 'global brands' that bring cultural change to the places where products are consumed.
- 4Gross domestic productA measure of the financial value of goods and services produced within a territory. It is often divided by population size to produce a per capita figure for the purpose of making comparisons.
- 5Emerging economiesCountries that have begun to experience high rates of economic growth, usually due to rapid factory expansion and industrialisation. There are numerous sub-groups of emerging economies, including Brazil, China and South Africa.
- 6RemittancesMoney that migrants send home to their families via formal or informal channels.
- 7InterdependencyIf two place become over-reliant on financial and/or political connections with one another, then they have become interdependent.
- 8Spatial division of labourThe common practice among TNC's of moving low-skilled work abroad to places where labour cost are low. Important skilled management jobs are retained at the TNC's headquarters in its country of origin.
- 9Shrinking worldThanks to technology, distant places start to feel closer and take less time to reach.
- 10Foreign direct investmentA financial injection made by a TNC into a nation's economy, either to build new facilities or to acquire, or merge with an existing firm already based there.
- 11BRICS groupThe four large, fast-growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China, recently joined at their annual summit meeting by South Africa.
- 12Trickle-downThe positive impacts on peripheral regions caused by the creation of wealth in core regions.
- 13Sovereign wealth fundsGovernment- owned investment funds and banks, typically associated with China and countries that have large revenues from oil, such as Qatar.
- 14Trade blocsVoluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security to the nation that join.
- 15TariffsThe taxes that are paid when importing or exporting goods and services between countries.
- 16Special economic zoneAn industrial area, often near a coastline, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNC's. These conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties.
- 17Off shoringTNCs move parts of their own production process to other countries to reduce labour or other costs.
- 18OutsourcingTNCs contract another company to produce the goods and services that need rather than do it themselves. This can result in the growth of complex supply chains.
- 19Global production networkA chain connected suppliers of part and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of the consumer goods. The network serves the needs of a TNC, such as Apple and Tescos.
- 20Least developed countriesThe world's very poorest low income nations, whose populations have little experience of globalisation. A number of these nations are described as ' failed states' by politicians.
- 21DeindustrialisationThe decline of regionally important manufacturing industries. The decline can be charted either in terms of workforce numbers or output and production measures.
- 22Internal migrantsSomeone who moves from place to place inside the boarders if a country.
- 23UrbanisationAn increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.
- 24Economic migrantA migrant whose primary motivation is to see employment. Migrants who already had a job may have set off in search of better pay, more regular pay, promotion or a change of career.
- 25RefugeePeople who are force to flee their homes due to persecution, whether on an individual basis or as part of a mass exodus due to political, religious or other problems
- 26Intervening obstaclesBarriers to a migrant such as political border or physical feature.
- 27Natural increaseThe difference between a society's crude birth rate and crude death rate. A migrant population, such as that found in developing world megacities, usually has a high rate of natural increase due to 0the presence of a large proportion if fertile young adults and relatively few older people reaching the end of their lives.
- 28Centripetal migrationMovement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas
- 29Brownfield siteAbandoned or derelict urban land previous used by commercial or industrial companies.
- 30Cultural traitsCulture can be broken down into individual component parts, such as the clothing people wear or their language. Each components is called a 'cultural trait'.
- 31Cultural imperialismThe practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is a large, economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter is a smaller, less affluent one.
- 32Soft powerThe global influence a country derives from its culture, its political value and diplomacy.
- 33Cultural landscapeThe landscape of a place that has been shaped over time in characteristic ways by the combined actions of natural and human processes.
- 34Absolute povertyWhen a person's income is too low for basic human needs to be met, potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness.
- 35Millennium Development goalsEight specific objectives for the global community created at the UN Millennium Summit in New York in 2000.
- 36Relative povertyWhen a person's income is too low to maintain the average standard of living in a particular society. Asset growth for very rich people can lead to more people being in relative poverty.
- 37Informal sectorUnofficial forms of employment that are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation.
- 38Post- accession migrationThe flow of economic migrants after a country has joined the EU.
- 39DiasporaThe dispersion or spread of a group of people from the original homeland.
- 40Crude birth rateThe number of live births per 1000 people per year.
- 41NationalistA political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that are viewed by some people as a threat to national sovereignty or national culture.
- 42Post- colonial migrantsPeople who moved to European countries from former colonies during the 1950s, 1960s and the1970s. The UK received economic migrants from the caribbean, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Uganda.
- 43Net migrationThe overall balance between immigration and emigration.
- 44Natural resourcesA material source of wealth, such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state and has economic value. Natural resources may be renewable or non- renewable.
- 45Consumer societyA society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is the most important social and economic activity.
- 46Ecological footprintA crude measurement of the area of land or water required to provide a person with the energy, food and resources needed to live, and to also absorb waste.
- 47Water footprintA measure of the amount of water used in the production and transport to market of food and commodities.
- 48Carbon footprintThe amount of carbon dioxide produced by an individual or activity.
- 49Food milesThe distance food travels from a farm to the consumer. The journey may be short and direct for some local produce, or may take longer, with food often crossing entire continents via a string of depots.
- 50Transition townA settlement where individuals and businesses have adopted 'bottom- up' initiatives with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant global trade.
- 51Ethical purchaseA financial exchange where the consumer has considered the social and environmental costs of production for food, goods or services purchased.
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- AS level Geography (Globalisation) FlashCards sobre Globalisation keywords, criado por Samantha Hubble em 05-04-2017.
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- Samantha Hubble
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