Nephrotic Syndrome

Definition

Clinical Manifestations

In the early stages of the disease, it is not usual to see any symptoms

Name: Heidi Guanoluisa

Course: 7th "D"

PROTEINURIA

HEMATURIA

It is the presence of an abnormally high number of red blood cells in urine. so it is defined as the presence of more than 2 red blood cells/field in the urinary sediment.

It is the presence of protein in the urine. Clinically, in adults, a urinary protin excretion greater than 150 mg in 24 hours defines proteinuria.

Urinary cylinders are compacted clumps of proteins and other substances that form in the renal tubules

Risk Factors

Epidemiology

Certain diseases andconditions increase your risk of developing nephrotic syndrome, such as diabetes, lupus, amyloidosis, reflux nephropathy and other kidney diseases.

Medical conditions that can damage your kidneys

Certain medications

Certain infection

Medications that might cause nephrotic syndrome include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs used to fight infections.

Infections that increase the risk of nephrotic syndrome include HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and malaria.

Proteinuria

Hematuria

In the general population, the prevalence of proteinuria lies between 8% to 33%.

The most common urologic diagnoses accounting for 20% of urology consultations

Most primary and secondary renal diseases are more common in males than in females.

Microscopic hematuria is quite common, with a prevalence of approximately 6.5% of adults.

Proteinuria

At a more advanced stage, the following symptoms should be taken into account:

Swelling of the hands, feet, abdomen, or face

Pain or burning when urinating (dysuria)

Foamy urine or blood in the urine

Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome classically presents with heavy proteinuria, minimal hematuria,

hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, edema, and hypertension.

Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes and in your ankles and feet

Foamy urine, a result of excess protein in your urine

Weight gain due to fluid retention

Fatigue

Loss of appetite

Etiology

Diabetic kidney disease: Diabetes can lead to kidney damage (diabeticnephropathy) that affects the glomeruli

Minimal change disease: This is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Characterized by scarring of some of the glomeruli, this condition can result from another disease, a genetic defect or certain medications or occur for no known reason.

Membranous nephropathy: This kidney disorder is the result of thickening membranes within the glomeruli.

Systemic lupus erythematosus: This chronic inflammatory disease can lead to serious kidney damage