Programming

Programming

1. Data Types

   • Boolean
     • A Boolean expression is a logical statement that is either TRUE or FALSE . Boolean expressions can compare data of any type as long as both parts of the expression have the same basic data type. You can test data to see if it is equal to, greater than, or less than other data.
   • Real
     • A real data type is a data type used in a computer program to represent an approximation of a real number. Because the real numbers are not countable, computers cannot represent them exactly using a finite amount of information. Most often, a computer will use a rational approximation to a real number.
   • String
     • In computer science a string is any finite sequence of characters (i.e., letters, numerals, symbols and punctuation marks). An important characteristic of each string is its length, which is the number of characters in it. The length can be any natural number (i.e., zero or any positive integer).
   • Character/Char
     • Each possible value in a Char or String variable is a code point, or character code, in the Unicode character set. Unicode characters include the basic ASCII character set, various other alphabet letters, accents, currency symbols, fractions, diacritics, and mathematical and technical symbols.
   • Integer
     • An integer (pronounced IN-tuh-jer) is a whole number (not a fractional number) that can be positive, negative, or zero. Examples of integers are: -5, 1, 5, 8, 97, and 3,043. Examples of numbers that are not integers are: -1.43, 1 3/4, 3.14, .09, and 5,643.1.

2. Iteration

   • Iteration, in the context of computer programming, is a process wherein a set of instructions or structures are repeated in a sequence a specified number of times or until a condition is met. When the first set of instructions is executed again, it is called an iteration.

3. Operators

   • Arithmetic
     • An arithmetic operator is a mathematical function that takes two operands and performs a calculation on them. They are used in common arithmetic and most computer languages contain a set of such operators that can be used within equations to perform a number of types of sequential calculation.
   • Relational
     • In computer science, a relational operator is a programming language construct or operator that tests or defines some kind of relation between two entities. ... In languages such as C, relational operators return the integers 0 or 1, where 0 stands for false and any non-zero value stands for true.
   • Logical
     • Logic operations include any operations that manipulate Boolean values. Boolean values are either true or false. They are named after English mathematician George Boole, who invented Boolean algebra, and is widely considered the founder of computer science theory. They can also be represented as 1 and 0.

4. Arrays

   • In computer science, an array data structure, or simply an array, is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or variables), each identified by at least one array index or key. An array is stored so that the position of each element can be computed from its index tuple by a mathematical formula.

5. Selection

   • Also called a decision, one of the three basic logic structures in computer programming. The other two logic structures are sequence and loop. In a selection structure, a question is asked, and depending on the answer, the program takes one of two courses of action, after which the program moves on to the next event.

6. Sequence

   • The other two logic structures are selection and loop. In a sequence structure, an action, or event, leads to the next ordered action in a predetermined order. The sequence can contain any number of actions, but no actions can be skipped in the sequence.

7. Constant

   • In computer programming, a constant is a value that cannot be altered by the program during normal execution, i.e., the value is constant. ... This is contrasted with a variable, which is an identifier with a value that can be changed during normal execution, i.e., the value is variable.

8. Assignment

   • In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable. In most imperative programming languages, the assignment statement (or expression) is a fundamental construct.

9. Casting

   • In computer science, type conversion or typecasting refers to changing an entity of one datatype into another. There are two types of conversion: implicit and explicit. The term for implicit type conversion is coercion. Explicit type conversion in some specific way is known as casting.

10. Variable

    • In programming, a variable is a value that can change, depending on conditions or on information passed to the program. Typically, a program consists of instruction s that tell the computer what to do and data that the program uses when it is running.

Imagens e arquivos do mapa