Food

1. Common elements
   1. Carbon
   2. Hydrogen
   3. Oxygen
   4. Nitrogen
   5. Phosphorus
   6. Sulfur
2. Dissolved salts
   1. Magnesium
   2. Sodium
   3. Chlorine
   4. Potassium
   5. Calcium
3. Trace elements
   1. Iron
   2. Copper
   3. Zinc

Anotações:

• also called biochemicals

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids (fats+oils)
3. Proteins
4. Vitamins

Anotações:

• C, H, O Cx(H2O)y  --> C6H12O6

1. Monosaccharides

   Anotações:

   • Single sugar units (ring of carbon atoms) Sweet Soluble Energy providers 5 - pentoses e.g. ribose 6 - hexoses e.g. glucose
2. Disaccharides

   Anotações:

   • 2 monosaccharides Sweet Soluble Energy providers e.g. sucrose (glucose + fructose)
3. Polysaccharides

   Anotações:

   • many monosaccharides Not sweet Insoluble Food storage Structural support e.g. starch (amylose) - plants         cellulose (cell wall)         chitin (animals - structural support)         glycogen (muscle + liver cells)

Anotações:

• C,H,O NO SET  RATIO Fat - solid at room temperature Oil - liquid at room temperature

1. Triglyceride
   1. fat + oil energy reserves (plants+animals)
   2. glycerol and 3 fatty acids
2. Phospholipid
   1. glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phopshate group
   2. cell membranes
3. Structural role

   Anotações:

   • Phospholipids --> cell membranes under the skin --> heat insulation, energy store                                  (adipose tissue) protective layer around organs (e.g. kidneys) protective wax cuticle on outside of plants (e.g. holly)
4. Metabolic role

   Anotações:

   • energy storage --> contain 2x energy for  the     same mass of carb or protein energy source --> released during respiration storage of fat soluble vitamins e.g. Vitamin D some lipids function as hormones e.g. oestrogen

Anotações:

• C,H,O,N, (P/S) PEPTIDE > POLYPEPTIDE > PROTEIN (3-D Functional shape) SOURCES > Meat, fish, eggs, milk, nuts, peas & beans

1. Amino acids
2. Fibrous proteins

   Anotações:

   • long chains in parallel form --> little / no folding Strong Tough e.g. collagen, myosin, keratin (hair, nails, feathers)
3. Globular proteins

   Anotações:

   • tightly folded amino acid chains giving a spherical shape e.g. enzymes
4. Structural role

   Anotações:

   • Keratin (hair, nails, feathers) Myosin (major protein involved in the contraction of skeletal and cardiac muscle) Callogen (major protein in connective tissue --> elasticity of skin)
5. Metabolic role

   Anotações:

   • Enymes Hormones

Anotações:

• Carbon based organic compounds

1. Vitamin C

   Anotações:

   • Absorption of iron from the gut, strong connective tissue, formation and growth of bones and teeth Lack = scurvy (internal bleeding, easy bruising, bleeding gums, loose teeth, poor healing)
   1. Water soluble
   2. Ascorbic acid
   3. Citrus fruits, vegetables
2. Vitamin D

   Anotações:

   • absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the gut, healthy bone formation + maintenance Lack = rickets / osteomalacia, late teeting / walking, deformed limbs, weak bones
   1. Milk, eggs, liver, fish liver oils, U.V. light
   2. Fat soluble
   3. Calciferol

1. cell's cytoplasm, body's fluids
2. universal solvent
3. metabolic processes e.g. respiration, photosynthesis
4. shape of cell (red blood cells biconcave)
5. good absorber of heat energy

Anotações:

• Soluble inorganic salts Animals --> food Plants --> soil

1. Plants
   1. Calcium

      Anotações:

      • Glue
   2. Magnesium

      Anotações:

      • Chlorophyll
2. Animals
   1. Calcium

      Anotações:

      • teeth + bones
   2. Iron

      Anotações:

      • Haemoglobin

Anotações:

• compounds made from carbon - organic compunds

1. Metabolism
   1. Anabolism
   2. Catabolism
2. Continuity of life
3. Growth and repair of structures
4. Chemicals for metabolic reactions
5. energy