Attachments

Attachments

1. LEARNING THEORY

   • Conditioning
     • Classical
       • UCS =UCR
         • UCS + NS = UCR
           • CS = CR
       • Pavlov
     • Operant
       • Punishment And Rewards
         • Harlow
           • Monkeys
             • Wire
               • Food
                 • <1hr
             • Cloth
               • Comfort
                 • 17->18hr
             • Conclusion
               • Comfort > Food
                 • Dollard & Miller wrong?
           • Schaffer + Emerson
             • Glasgow 60 baby study
               • Comfort > food
         • Hungry = disomfort
           • Discomfort = Drive
             • Drive = Feeding
               • Food = Primary reinforcer
                 • Supplier = Secondary reinforcer
                   • Child seeks secondary for primary.
                     • Child becomes attached

2. Evolutionary Theory / Bowlby's

   • CASMIC
     • Caregiving
       • Attachment is innate
         • Sensitive Period
           • Monotropy / Heirachy
             • Internal Working Model
               • Continuity Hypothesis
                 • Securely attached as kids = emotionally and socially competent as adults
               • Emotional expectations of others based on past experiences
             • 1 primary attachment
               • Usually mother
                 • Secondary attachments
           • Attachment can only happen within a certain timeframe
             • 2nd quarter of first year = SP
               • Increasingly hard for attachment to form
         • Innate drive for attachment
           • Imprinting
             • Adaptive
               • Increased chance for survival
       • Social Releasers (baby)
         • Forces caregiver response
           • Ensures interaction
             • Innate (born with it)
   • Hodges and Tizard
     • 65 kids in instituitons
       • Attachment rarely possible
         • Supports sensitive period
   • Grossman and Grossman / Lamb
     • Fathers are equally important as mothers, just in different areas of life
       • Contradicts bowlby's monotropy idea

3. Types of Attachment

   • SS
     • Infant and mother enter lab
       • Parent and infant play
         • Stranger enters and talks to mother. Tries to interact with child
           • Mom leaves
             • Mom returns stranger leaves
               • Mother leaves infant alone
                 • Stranger returns
                   • Mother returns
     • 66% securely attached
       • 22% Insec Avoi
         • 12% Insec Res

4. Cultural Variations

   • Culture : All the rules, customs, morals, and ways of interaction that bind together members of a society
   • Why research?
     • One culture is not representative of all others
   • America = Inividualist
     • Japan & Israel = collectivist
   • Tronick et Al, Fox
     • Support Bowlby, monotropy is global
   • Cultural Variations
     • Van Ijzendoorn / Kroonenberg
       • Studied >8 countries
         • Most common types of attachment different depending on country
           • SecAtt most common in western culture. InsecAv was more than InsecRes
             • Non-western, InsecRes > InsecAv
               • China 50/50
               • Can be criticised. Collectivist communities, such as Israel and japan, children not used to separation, giving rise to "resistant" behaviour over avoidant. InsecRes and InsecAv are based on responses from western culture