Homeostasis

Homeostasis

1. Homeostasis

   • What is it
     • Maintenance internal milieu
     • Behavioral
     • energy distribution
       • neuroendocrine
     • autonomic control
       • Cardiovascular
       • respiratory output
       • thermogenesis
       • ANS vs. somatic motor
         • preganglionic
           • ganglia
             • effector NT
               • Target organ
         • Autonomic
           • Adrenal medulla
             • ACh N Receptor
               • Epinephrine
                 • Adrenergic rec
           • Sympathetic
             • ACh N Rec
               • NE
                 • Adrenergic rec
                   • Cardiac
                   • smooth
                   • gland
                   • nerve term
               • ACh
                 • Muscarinic rec
                   • sweat glands
               • postgang neuron
           • parasymp
             • ACh N Rec
               • ACh
                 • muscarinic rec
                   • Cardiac
                   • Smooth
                   • gland
                   • nerve terminals
         • Somatic
           • NO GANGLIA
             • ACh
               • Nicotinic
                 • Skeletal
     • Fever/ inflammation
   • mechanism
     • point
       • changes
         • regulatory system
           • shut off

2. Temperature example

   • Vasopressin axons
     • septal nuclei
     • preoptic area
       • pyrogens
       • blood temp
       • skin temp
       • caudal area
         • periph vasoconstriction
         • shivering
         • increase tissue metab
         • cool behavior
       • vasodilation
       • sweat/pant
       • antidiuresis
       • warm behavior

3. hypothalamus

   • lateral
     • lateral tuberal
     • lateral hypothalamic area
     • supraoptic nucleus
   • medial
     • dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
     • ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
   • periventricular
     • median eminence
     • arcuate nucleus
   • fiber tracts
     • to hypo
       • Fornix
         • Hippocampal
       • stria terminalis
         • amygdala
       • retinohypothalamic
     • from hypo
       • mammillothalamic
         • anterior thalamic nuc
     • both
       • median forebrain bundle
         • to/from brainstem

4. Pituitary

   • anterior
     • adenohypophysis
       • derived from oral mucosa
       • receives input from median eminance
         • neurons
     • parvocellular
     • ACTH
       • adrenal
         • corticosteroids
     • TSH
       • thyroid
         • thyroxine
     • GH
       • bones
         • growth
     • FSH
       • testes/ ovaries
         • testosterone
         • prog/est
     • LH
     • PRL
       • Ovaries/ breast
         • milk production
         • milk excretion
   • posterior
     • neurohypophysis
     • magnocellular
     • oxytocin
     • vasopressin

5. pathways

   • neuron
     • pituitary
       • secondary gland
         • end organ
         • adrenal/ thyroid/ gonadal
           • three
       • prolactin/GH
         • two
     • vasopressin/ oxytocin
       • one

6. thirst

   • renin release
     • angiotensin (ANGII)
       • Angiotensin receptors
         • vasoconstriction
           • SFO
             • Aldosterone
               • drop in blood pressure
             • volumetric
               • hypovolemia
           • OVLT
             • Corticosterone
               • heart rate increase
                 • DRINK
             • osmometric
               • sodium sensing
                 • vasopressin
     • kidney

7. Circumventricular organs

   • SFO
   • ME
   • AP
   • OVLT
   • near venticles for fluid purposes

8. Stress response

   • stimulus
     • sensory
       • higher brain
         • hypothalamus
           • anterior pituitary
             • adrenal cortex
               • physiological response
                 • Brain
                 • increase
                   • protein deg
                   • lipid mobilization
                   • glyocogen synth
                     • liver
                 • decrease
                   • protein synth
                     • muscle
                   • glucose uptake
                     • adipose
                   • *anabolic*
                 • immune
               • behavioral response
                 • feedback
                 • arousal
                 • fight/flight
                 • learning and memory
               • glucocorticoid
               • Feedback
                 • Fast
                   • non-genomic
                 • delayed
                   • genomic
             • ACTH
           • CRH
           • PVN
   • neuroendocrine
     • longer response latency

9. Neurotransmitter pathways

   • Propanolol
     • migraines and anxiety
       • block NE
   • Locus Coeruleus
     • blue body
     • more than 250,000 syn/ neur
     • stimuli
       • Attention
       • Arousal
       • Sleep/wake
       • L & M
     • Norepinephrine
   • Raphe nuclei
     • 5-HT
     • Diffuse
       • innervates much of brain
     • Development
       • neurotrophic factor
     • Mood + emotion
     • sleep/wake
   • Substantia Nigra/ VTA
     • DA
     • Striatum
       • locomotion
     • VTA
       • Mesocort/ limb
         • reward
   • Basal forebrain
     • cholinergic
     • Arousal
     • Sleep/wake
     • L & M

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