LAW

LAW

1. Definition: The law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements, and social relationships.The principles and regulations established in a community by some authorsty and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom ad policies recognized and eforcedby judicial decisions. Set of rules based upon society's norms created by the legislative branch of government to follow justice among the citizents. Those are stated in the constitution and follow by lawyers.

2. Public Law

   • Governs relationships between indieiduals & companies and the State. Deals with issues that affect the general public or State; society as a whole.
     • Tax Law: body of rules under which a public authority has a claim on taxpayers, requiring them to transfer to the authority part of their income or property. The power to impose taxes is generally recognized as a right of governments. The tax law of a nation is usually unique to it, although there are similarities and common elements in the laws of various countries. In general, tax law is concerned only with the legal aspects of taxation, not with its financial, economic, or other aspects. The making of decisions as to the merits of various kinds of taxes, the general level of taxation, and the rates of specific taxes, for example, does not fall into the domain of tax law; it is a political, not a legal, process.
     • Constitutional Law: Constitutional law refers to rights carved out in the federal and state constitutions. The majority of this body of law has developed from state and federal supreme court rulings, which interpret their respective constitutions and ensure that the laws passed by the legislature do not violate constitutional limits.
     • Public International Law: Body of legal norms that govern the relationship among different States and among other international entities with international legal personality
     • Criminal Law: concerns the system of legal rules that define what conduct is classified as a crime and how the government may prosecute individuals that commit crimes. Federal, state, and local governments all have penal codes that explain the specific crimes that they prohibit and the punishments that criminals may face. Individuals who violate federal, state, and local laws may face fines, probation, or incarceration. Lawsuits against criminals are initiated by prosecuting attorneys who act on behalf of the government to enforce the law.
     • Administrative Law: encompasses laws and legal principles governing the administration and regulation of government agencies (both Federal and state). Agencies are delegated power by Congress (or in the case of a state agency, the state legislature), to act as agencies responsible for carrying out certain prerogative of the Congress. Agencies are created through their own organic statutes, which establish new laws, and doing so, creates the respective agencies to interpret, administer, and enforce those new laws. Generally, administrative agencies are created to protect a public interest rather than to vindicate private rights.

3. Private Law

   • Governs relationships between individuals and the law of obligations. Affects the right & obligations of individuals, families, businesses and small groups. Exist to assist citizens in diputes that involve private matters
     • Civil Law: a body of rules that defines and protects the private rights of citizens, offers legal remedies that may be sought in a dispute, and covers areas of law such as contracts, torts, property and family law. Civil law is derived from the laws of ancient Rome which used doctrines to develop a code that determined how legal issues would be decided. To explore this concept, consider the following civil law definition.
     • Private International Law: The body of norms or laws that will govern the legal relationship among persons of private nature where there exist a foreign participant or element. It is also called “Conflict of Laws” inasmuch as there is a foreign participant or element, and therefore uncertainty (or a conflict) as to which laws shall apply to a specific legal relationship, either local laws or those of the foreign participant.
     • Law of Civil and Commercial Procedures: Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits (as opposed to procedures in criminal law matters). These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced; what kind of service of process (if any) is required; the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases; the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure; the conduct of trials; the process for judgment; the process for post-trial procedures; various available remedies; and how the courts and clerks must function.
     • Labor Law: Body of rulings pertaining to working people and their organizations, including trade unions and employee unions, enforced by government agencies. There are two categories of labor laws; collective and individual. Collective labor law involves relationships between the union, the employer and the employee. Individual labor law involves concerns for employees' rights in the workplace. Labor laws first became standard during the Industrial Revolution. Also called employment law.
     • Commercial & Maritime Law: Admiralty law, also called maritime law, is a combination of U.S. and international law that covers all contracts, torts, injuries or offenses that take place on navigable waters. Admiralty law traditionally focused on oceanic issues, but it has expanded to cover any public body of water, including lakes and rivers. These laws largely cover interactions between two or more ships, the ship captain's obligations to the crew and passengers, and the rights of crew members, as well as other legal issues.