programming

programming

1. problem solving

   • The process of formulating a problem, finding a solution, and expressing the solution.
   • program
     • A set of instructions that specifies a computation
     • source code
       • A program written in a high-level language before being compiled.
       • script
         • A program stored in a file (usually one that will be interpreted)
     • Object code
       • The output of the compiler after it translates the program
     • bug
       • An error in a program
       • syntax error
         • An error in a program that makes it impossible to parse (and therefore impossible to interpret)
       • run-time error/exception
         • An error that is detected while the program is running
       • semantic error
         • An error in a program that makes it do something other than what the programmer intended
     • language
       • - aset of valid sentences
       • framework
         • Frameworks contain key distinguishing features that separate them from normal libraries: inversion of control - In a framework, unlike in libraries or normal user applications, the overall program's flow of control is not dictated by the caller, but by the framework.
         • library
           • jQuery
             • http://jquery.com/ jQuery is a fast, small, and feature-rich JavaScript library t makes things like HTML document traversal and manipulation, event handling, animation, and Ajax much simpler with an easy-to-use API that works across a multitude of browsers. With a combination of versatility and extensibility
         • plug-in
           • widget
     • API
       • - a way for two computer applications to talk to eachother over a network using a common language that they both understand
   • algorithm
     • A general process for solving a category of problems

2. syntactic categories

   • statement
     • - a section of code that represents a command or action. - code that performs some task. - do things
     • assignment
       • A statement that assigns a value to a variable
     • keyword
       • A reserved word that is used by the compiler to parse a program; you cannot use keywords like if, def, and while as variable names.
     • declaration
   • expression
     • - a combination of variables, operators, and values that represents a single result value - a piece of code that evaluates to a value - produce values
     • operator
       • - a special symbol that represents a simple computation like addition, multiplication, or string concatenation. - a code element that acts on an expression in some way - in some programming languages (like JS) they can be "overloaded" which means they do differnt things in different contexts - transform value and is applied to value(s) - relates variables and values
       • precedence
         • The set of rules governing the order in which expressions involving multiple operators and operands are evaluated.
       • concatenate
         • To join two operands end-to-end
       • relational operator
         • one of the operators that compares its operands: ==,!=,<,>,>=,<=
       • logical operator
         • one of the operators that  combines boolean epressions: and, or , not
     • operand
       • One of the values on which an operator operates
       • value
         • One of the basic units of data, like a number or string, that a program manipulates
         • type
           • - a category of values. The types we have seen so far are integers (type int), floatingpoint numbers (type float), and strings (type str). - in JS an operator can exist to return the value of the type:  typeof - for primitives; and instanceof - for objects - the kind of values that can be represented and manipulated in a programming language
           • string
             • A type that represents sequences of characters
           • integer
             • A type that represents whole numbers
           • Floating-point
             • A type that represents numbers with fractional parts
           • class
             • - a subtype of the object type.
         • variable
           • - a name that refers to a value - container for a value - a value that can change in time- JS variables are untyped
           • state diagram
             • A graphical representation of a set of variables and the values they refer to
           • scope
             • the area of code where the variable it is recognized
         • constant
           • - a value that can not change in time , is immutable
     • evaluate
       • To simplify an expression by performing the operations in order to yield a single value
     • simple expressions
       • - don't do anything. only by combining them with operatoes you can do anything
       • literal
         •  - evaluates to itself (like a number) - a dta value that appears directly in a program
       • variable
         • - a symbolic name for a value and allows the value to be referred by name - evaluates to the value assigned to it
     • boolean expression
       • an expression whose value is either True or False
   • comment
     • Information in a program that is meant for other programmers (or anyone reading the source code) and has no effect on the execution of the program.
   • function
     • - a block of code that accepts values, processes them and then performs an action
     • constructor
       • - in JS function written to be used (with the new operator) to initialize a newly created object
   • identifier
     • - a name used to name variables, functions, labels for certain loops. it begins with a letter or underscore or dollarsign
     • reserved words
       • - aset of identifiers that canot be used as regular identifiers
   • JS object
     • - a collection of properties where each property has a name and a value
     • ordinary
       • - unordered colelction of properties
     • special
       • array
         • ordered collection of numbered values
       • function
         • - has executable code associated to it