Renewable Resources

Renewable Resources

1. CHAPTER 1 : PRINCIPLES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

   • 1.1 Energy and sustainable development
     • Principles and Main Problems
       • 3 main problems that till now have argument: 1) The finite nature of fossil and nuclear fuel materials 2) The harm of emissions 3) Ecological sustainability
       • Four vital factors for improving and maintaining social benefit from energy: 1) Increased harnessing at renewable supplies 2) Increased efficiency of supply and end-use 3) Reduction of pollution 4) Consideration of lifestyle
     • Global Resources
       • A target energy use in society with proper lifestyle is E=2kW per person
       • Renewable energy can give great standard of living, but if the technical methods and institutional frameworks exist to extract, use and store energy at realistic costs
   • 1.2 Fundamentals
     • Energy supplies 1) Renewable energy – energy obtained from natural and persistent flows of energy occurring in immediate environment. This energy may called Green Energy / Sustainable Energy 2) Non-renewable energy – energy obtained from static stores of energy that remain underground unless released by human interactions. This energy may called Brown Energy / Finite Supplies
     • Primary Supply To End-Use
       • Energy supply can be shown through Sankey diagram/Spaghetti, sections across diagram can be drawn in pie charts
         • 1) Primary energy supply 2) Energy supply to end-use
     • Energy Planning
       • 1) Complete energy systems must be analyzed and supply should not be considered separately from end-use
       • 2) Calculations of system efficiency can be most revealing & can detect unwanted losses.
       • 3) Energy management : finite fuel efficiency decreases emissions, renewable efficiency lowers capital costs
   • 1.3 Scientific principles of renewable energy
     • 1) Energy Currents
       • Local environment must be monitored and analyzed over a long period of time to determine exactly what energy flow exist
     • 2) Dynamic Characteristics
       • 1) End-use requirements for energy vary with time (peaks usage) 2) Precise complex actions can be significantly affected by irregularities
     • 3) Quality of Supply
       • = the proportion of an energy source that can be converted into mechanical work Renewable energy supply: Mechanical supplies, heat supplies, photon processes
     • 4) Dispersed VS Centralised Energy
       • Renewable + Finite Energy have different initial transformation energy flux density. Finite energy is most easily produced centrally and is expensive to distribute. Renewable energy is most easily produced in dispersed locations and is expensive to concentrate.
     • 5) Complex situation
       • Renewable energy supplies are linked to the natural environment Frequently it is necessary to cross disciplinary boundaries
     • 6) Situation Dependence
       • No single renewable energy program is universally applicable, as the local environment's ability to provide the energy and society's ability to embrace the energy varies widely.
   • 1.4 Technical implications
     • Prospecting the Environment
       • Continuous analysis must ensure that useful data are recorded, in particular regarding the dynamic characteristics of the planned energy systems
     • End-use Requirements and Efficiency
       • Money spent on energy conservation and end-use capacity upgrades typically produce greater long-term benefits than money spent on enhanced generation and supply capacities.
     • Matching Supply and Demand
       • The overall demand and supply have to be put together after quantification and review of the different diverse characteristics of end-use demands and environmental supply choices.
     • Control Options
       • Effective matching of renewable energy resources to end-use requirements is accomplished by managing appliances, tools and systems
   • 1.5 Social implications
     • 1) Dispersed living
       • Renewable energy is distributed in the environment, and concentration is difficult and costly
     • 2) Pollution and Environmental Pollution
       • Harmful emissions can be classified as chemical, physical (ascoustic noise and radioactivity) and biological. This is because of brown energy.
     • 3) The Future
       • A great diversity in renewable energy resources can be expected to be related to a similar diversity of local economic and social characteristics.

2. CHAPTER 2 : SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCES

   • 2.1 Solar Radiation
   • 2.2 Solar Water Heating
   • 2.3 Building and other solar thermal applications
   • 2.4 Photovoltaic generation

3. CHAPTER 3 : HYDROPOWER

   • 3.1 Introduction
   • 3.2 Principles
   • 3.3 Impulse turbine
   • 3.4 Reaction turbines
   • 3.5 Hydroelectric systems
   • 3.6 Power regulation and control
   • 3.7 System efficiency

4. CHAPTER 4 : WIND ENERGY RESOURCES