GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR

1. CONDITIONALS

   • IMPOSSIBLE = 3RD
     • IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE If + had + past part, would have + past part
       • If I had worked harder, I would have made more money. They would have been here, if they had followed me.
       • If I hadn't seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn't have believed it. You wouldn't have got lost, if you hadn't listened to Mr. Turkey.
       • What would you have done if you had been me? If the hotel had been full, where would you have stayed?
     • onmogelijke situatie - het is te laat - het is niet zo gebeurd
       • If she'd known he was cruel, she wouldn't have married him. Ze wist het niet en ze is wel met hem getrouwd.
     • MODALS MIGHT, COULD EN SHOULD HAVE + PAST PART
       • MIGHT/ COULD HAVE + PP
         • iets dat mogelijk was geweest in het verleden, maar toch niet gebeurd is
           • Good you went to hospital. You might have died.
       • SHOULD HAVE + PP
         • raad die je krijgt over iets dat al gebeurd is - je kunt echter de situatie niet meer veranderen
           • You should have come on time. He would have liked that.
         • kritiek
           • You sould have asked me before you took my pen.
   • IMPROBABLE = 2ND
     • IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + VERB
       • If I work harder, I would make more money. They would be here, if they followed me.
       • I would give up my job, if I didn't like it. If I saw a ghost, I wouldn't talk to it.
       • What would you do, if you saw a ghost? If you needed help, who would you ask?
     • REFER TO PRESENT AND FUTURE
     • onechte situatie + wat er dan zou gebeuren = DROOM
       • If I were the president, I would reform education.
       • If my mother were still alive, she would be proud of us.
     • raad geven
       • If I were you, I'd study more.
     • De voorwaarde wordt dikwijls weggelaten, als je weet waarover het gaat.
       • What would you do, if you had lots of money? I would travel.
     • would = voorkeur
       • I'd love a cup of coffee.
     • would = verzoek
       • Would you open the door for me?
     • onwaarschijnlijke toekomstige situatie
       • If the result were positive, we would call you.
     • NIET was MAAR WERE
     • MODALS
       • WOULD + CAN = COULD WOULD + SHALL = SHOULD WOULD + MAY = MIGHT
     • PRESENT UNREAL COND
   • POSSIBLE= 1st
     • "IF-zin" PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT
       • If the museum charges for entry, I won't be able to visit it.
       • If we're arriving late, the teacher is going to worry.
     • MODALS CAN - MAY - SHOULD
     • IF + PRESENT SIMPLE , WILL + VERB
       • If I work hard, I'll pass my exams.
       • I won't wait for you, if you're late
       • What will you do, if you finish high school?
     • mogelijke situatie + resultaat in de toekomst
     • LET OP: NO FUTURE IN IF-ZIN TENZIJ WILL/WON'T VERWIJZEN NAAR WEIGERING OF NIET WILLEN
       • The teacher will punish us if we won't listen
   • NO CONDITION PRESENT REAL CONDITION
     • ALWAYS TRUE
       • If I get a headache, I take an aspirin
       • Prawns are very risky if they haven't been kept at the right temperature.
     • REFER TO ALL TIME
     • IF = WHEN
     • IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT
     • MODALS CAN - MAY
       • If you can read this, you're driving too close to me!
   • MIXED
     • IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD HAVE + PP
       • IF = onecht in het heden HOOFDZIN = resultaat in verleden
         • If the island were still a tourist attraction, last week's earthquake would have caused far more deaths
     • IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD + VERB
       • IF = onecht in het verleden HOOFDZIN = resultaat in heden
         • If Fleming had not discovered penicillin, there would be more fatalities every year than there are actually now.

2. ARTICLES

   • IINDEFINITE A/AN (=een)
     • ZEGT WAT IETS IS
       • this is a book
     • VERWIJST NAAR IETS / IEMAND DAT / DIE VOOR DE 1STE KEER GENOEMD WORDT
       • She lives in a farmhouse.
     • ALS HET NIET BELANGRIJK IS WELKE
       • Can you lend me a pen?
     • "A" VÓÓR MEDEKLINKERKLANK "AN" VÓÓR KLINKERKLANK
     • VÓÓR COUNTABLE ZNW
       • She's an American
       • It's a tree
     • VÓÓR EEN EIGENNAAM
       • I'm a Vandepitte
     • VÓÓR PRIJS AFSTAND FREQUENTIE ZIEKTE (enkelvd)
       • They're 80 p a kilo
       • I take them once a day
       • He cycles 45 km an hour
       • I have a cold
       • I have measels, mumps, shingles...
   • DEFINITE THE (= de/ het)
     • IETS DAT DE SPREKER/ LUISTERAAR KENT
       • Have you got the car keys?
     • VERWIJST NAAR IETS/ IEMAND DAT/ DIE NIET VOOR DE 1STE KEER GENOEMD WORDT
       • Did you enjoy the party?
     • DUIDELIJK WIE/ WAT BEDOELD WORDT
       • We went to the same school.
     • DE ENIGE
       • The earth is older than we think.
     • DINGEN IN DE OMGEVING DE WE KENNEN
       • Let's go to the movies.
     • SUPERLATIEVEN
       • He is the best.
     • SOMMIGE PLAATSNAMEN
       • The Netherlands The pyramids The USA
   • NO ARTICLE
     • DINGEN/ MENSEN IN HET ALGEMEEN
       • I like (-) cheese
     • BEPAALDE UITDRUKKINGEN
       • We had (-) lunch at 2 pm.
     • SOMMIGE PLAATSNAMEN
       • I've travelled in (-) Europe
     • CHEMICAL SYMBOLS

3. ADJECTIVES

   • POSSESSIVES
     • GEBRUIKT MET EEN ZELFST. NMW
       • my / your / his / her / our / their
         • This is my brohter.
     • 'S
       • enkelvoud zelfst nmw
         • Harry's girl-friend
         • It's my brother's
       • sommige plaatsen
         • I'm going to the hairdresser's
       • onregelmatig meervoud zelfst nmw
         • the children's room
       • 2 mensen
         • We were at John and Mary's house
     • S'
       • regelmatig meervoud zelfst nmw
         • My parents' house